BIO112 Spring Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update 2024 Already Passed

BIO112 Spring Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update 2024 Already Passed radiometric dating - Answers general approach used to determine the age of specimens using the rate of decay of radioactive isotopes radiocarbon dating - Answers a chemical analysis used to determine the age of organic materials based on their content of the radioisotope carbon-14 potassium-40 dating - Answers radiometric dating method often used in the assessment of volcanic intrusions in sedimentary layers. It is based on measurement of the product of the radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium (K) into argon (Ar). half-life - Answers length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay punctuated equilibrium - Answers Pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change Cambrian explosion - Answers A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 545 to 525 million years ago. macroevolution - Answers Evolutionary change that produces new species microevolution - Answers Evolutionary change/adaptation below the species level; change in the allele frequencies in a population over generations. Linnaeus - Answers Father of taxonomy Lamarck - Answers Proposed theory that organisms pass on traits they acquire in their lifetime. Cuvier - Answers catastrophism: believed that the extinction of species was caused by catastrophic events such as floods Lyell and Hutton - Answers scientists who said the world was old and slowly, but constantly changing Malthus - Answers an English economist and demographer; suggested populations have a potential for increase that exceeds the actual rate of increase, and the resources for the support of increase are limited descent with modification - Answers process by which descendants of ancestral organisms adapt to different/changing habitats and accumulate structural and functional adaptations selective breeding - Answers The process of humans intentionally selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation, over time producing organisms with altered characteristics species - Answers a group of related organisms sharing a distinctive form. If sexually reproducing, individuals can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring. vestigial structures - Answers remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but is suggested to have no clear function in the modern species. homology - Answers Similarity in structural, embryological or DNA or RNA sequence characteristics attributed to shared ancestry. anatomical homology - Answers similar body structures among different species attributed to a common ancestor with that feature developmental homology - Answers similarities in the development of embryos between different species that share a common ancestor genetic homology - Answers Similarities in DNA sequences or amino acid sequences that are due to inheritance from a common ancestor. analogy - Answers similar structures that are proposed to have arisen due to similar selective pressures rather than inheritance from a common ancestor with that structure morphological species concept - Answers characterizes a species by body shape and other structural features biological species concept - Answers Definition of a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups. ecological species concept - Answers A definition of species in terms of ecological niche, the sum of how members of the species interact with the nonliving and living parts of their environment. evolutionary species concept - Answers Defines species according to evolutionary history and common ancestors, distinctive lineages in phylogenetic trees reproductive isolation - Answers Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring prezygotic reproductive barriers - Answers factors that prevent mating or fertilization between species postzygotic reproductive barriers - Answers factors that prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult radiometric dating - Answers general approach used to determine the age of specimens using the rate of decay of radioactive isotopes radiocarbon dating - Answers a chemical analysis used to determine the age of organic materials based on their content of the radioisotope carbon-14 potassium-40 dating - Answers radiometric dating method often used in the assessment of volcanic intrusions in sedimentary layers. It is based on measurement of the product of the radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium (K) into argon (Ar). half-life - Answers length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay punctuated equilibrium - Answers Pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change Cambrian explosion - Answers A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 545 to 525 million years ago. macroevolution - Answers Evolutionary change that produces new species microevolution - Answers Evolutionary change/adaptation below the species level; change in the allele frequencies in a population over generations. Linnaeus - Answers Father of taxonomy Lamarck - Answers Proposed theory that organisms pass on traits they acquire in their lifetime. Cuvier - Answers catastrophism: believed that the extinction of species was caused by catastrophic events such as floods Lyell and Hutton - Answers scientists who said the world was old and slowly, but constantly changing Malthus - Answers an English economist and demographer; suggested populations have a potential for increase that exceeds the actual rate of increase, and the resources for the support of increase are limited descent with modification - Answers process by which descendants of ancestral organisms adapt to different/changing habitats and accumulate structural and functional adaptations selective breeding - Answers The process of humans intentionally selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation, over time producing organisms with altered characteristics species - Answers a group of related organisms sharing a distinctive form. If sexually reproducing, individuals can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring. vestigial structures - Answers remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but is suggested to have no clear function in the modern species. homology - Answers Similarity in structural, embryological or DNA or RNA sequence characteristics attributed to shared ancestry. anatomical homology - Answers similar body structures among different species attributed to a common ancestor with that feature developmental homology - Answers similarities in the development of embryos between different species that share a common ancestor genetic homology - Answers Similarities in DNA sequences or amino acid sequences that are due to inheritance from a common ancestor. analogy - Answers similar structures that are proposed to have arisen due to similar selective pressures rather than inheritance from a common ancestor with that structure morphological species concept - Answers characterizes a species by body shape and other structural features biological species concept - Answers Definition of a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups. ecological species concept - Answers A definition of species in terms of ecological niche, the sum of how members of the species interact with the nonliving and living parts of their environment. evolutionary species concept - Answers Defines species according to evolutionary history and common ancestors, distinctive lineages in phylogenetic trees reproductive isolation - Answers Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring prezygotic reproductive barriers - Answers factors that prevent mating or fertilization between species postzygotic reproductive barriers - Answers factors that prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult gametophyte - Answers Haploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an plant's life cycle sporophyte - Answers Diploid, or spore-producing, phase of a plant's life cycle. Makes haploid spores by meiosis. plant spore - Answers haploid cell derived by meiosis in the sporophyte plant gamete - Answers a mature haploid male or female cell that is derived by mitosis in the gametophyte Flower - Answers The reproductive structure of a flowering plant fruit - Answers structures derived from the flower of a flowering plant that enclose seeds and often aid in their dispersal seed - Answers The plant structure that contains a sporophyte embryo inside a protective covering shoot apical meristem - Answers dividing stem cells at the apex of the root that gives rise to the growth and development of the root primary meristem - Answers Meristem, produced by apical meristem, that produces the primary tissues of of the plant body. protoderm - Answers The outermost primary meristem, which gives rise to the epidermis of roots and shoots. root apical meristem - Answers dividing stem cells at the apex of the root that gives rise to the growth and development of the root ground meristem - Answers a primary meristem that gives rise to cortex and pith in plant stems and roots procambium - Answers A primary meristem of roots and shoots that forms the vascular tissue. primary tissue - Answers a plant tissue that arises from protoderm, procambium or ground meristem vascular cambium - Answers A cylinder of lateral meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem. axillary meristem - Answers The meristem that arise in the axil, or the angle between a leaf and the stem. plant node - Answers point on a plant stem where there is a leaf and axillary bud plant internode - Answers space between nodes on a stem macronutrient - Answers an essential nutrient required by plants in relatively large amounts micronutrient - Answers An essential nutrient required by plants in minute amounts nitrogen fixation - Answers the chemical processes by which atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds, especially by certain microorganisms as part of the nitrogen cycle. diazotroph - Answers An organism that is able to grow without external sources of fixed nitrogen because it is able to fix nitrogen gas into substances like ammonium