NURS 6501-Advanced Pathophysiology
How are cells specialized? - ANSWER-through the process of differentiation or
maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? - ANSWER-movement, conductivity,
metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and
communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - ANSWER-the plasma
membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? - ANSWER-Cellular injury causing
cellular self-digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? - ANSWER-the largest membrane-
bound organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the
nucleus are cell division and control of genetic information.
What is Cytoplasm? - ANSWER-an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space
between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? - ANSWER-a
network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear
membrane. It specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components
of most of the organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? - ANSWER-a network of smooth
membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for
processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - ANSWER-saclike structures that originate
from the Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible
for digesting most cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty
acids, and carbohydrates
What are peroxisomes? - ANSWER-involved in the production and breakdown of
hydrogen peroxide
Importance of proteins in disease - ANSWER-The major workhorses of the cell, if
misfolded they can cause diseases
What are mitochondria responsible for? - ANSWER-. Mitochondria contain the
metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
, What is the cytoskeleton? - ANSWER-the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal
skeleton is composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin
filaments (microfilaments).
What is the plasma membrane? - ANSWER-encloses the cell and, by controlling the
movement of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
What is signal transduction? - ANSWER-The transfer of molecular signals from the
exterior to the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? - ANSWER-protein homeostasis
and is defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of ribosomes
(makers), chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems.
Malfunction of these systems is associated with disease.
What do protein receptors do? - ANSWER-on the plasma membrane, enable the cell to
interact with other cells and with extracellular substances
What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? - ANSWER-(1) the extracellular
membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3)
specialized cell junctions.
What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? - ANSWER-(1) fibrous
structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3)
proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement,
and differentiation.
How do cells communicate? - ANSWER-(1) they form protein channels (gap junctions);
(2) they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct
physical contact; and (3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
How is intercellular signaling done? - ANSWER-contact-dependent, paracrine,
hormonal, neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
What is ATP? - ANSWER-Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active
transport.
What is anabolism? - ANSWER-energy-using process of metabolism
What is catabolism? - ANSWER-the energy-releasing process of metabolism
What is passive transport? - ANSWER-The movement of materials across the cell
membrane without using cellular energy, water and small electrically uncharged
molecules, done through osmosis
How are cells specialized? - ANSWER-through the process of differentiation or
maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? - ANSWER-movement, conductivity,
metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and
communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - ANSWER-the plasma
membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? - ANSWER-Cellular injury causing
cellular self-digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? - ANSWER-the largest membrane-
bound organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the
nucleus are cell division and control of genetic information.
What is Cytoplasm? - ANSWER-an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space
between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? - ANSWER-a
network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear
membrane. It specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components
of most of the organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? - ANSWER-a network of smooth
membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for
processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - ANSWER-saclike structures that originate
from the Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible
for digesting most cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty
acids, and carbohydrates
What are peroxisomes? - ANSWER-involved in the production and breakdown of
hydrogen peroxide
Importance of proteins in disease - ANSWER-The major workhorses of the cell, if
misfolded they can cause diseases
What are mitochondria responsible for? - ANSWER-. Mitochondria contain the
metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
, What is the cytoskeleton? - ANSWER-the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal
skeleton is composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin
filaments (microfilaments).
What is the plasma membrane? - ANSWER-encloses the cell and, by controlling the
movement of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
What is signal transduction? - ANSWER-The transfer of molecular signals from the
exterior to the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? - ANSWER-protein homeostasis
and is defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of ribosomes
(makers), chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems.
Malfunction of these systems is associated with disease.
What do protein receptors do? - ANSWER-on the plasma membrane, enable the cell to
interact with other cells and with extracellular substances
What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? - ANSWER-(1) the extracellular
membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3)
specialized cell junctions.
What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? - ANSWER-(1) fibrous
structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3)
proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement,
and differentiation.
How do cells communicate? - ANSWER-(1) they form protein channels (gap junctions);
(2) they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct
physical contact; and (3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
How is intercellular signaling done? - ANSWER-contact-dependent, paracrine,
hormonal, neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
What is ATP? - ANSWER-Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active
transport.
What is anabolism? - ANSWER-energy-using process of metabolism
What is catabolism? - ANSWER-the energy-releasing process of metabolism
What is passive transport? - ANSWER-The movement of materials across the cell
membrane without using cellular energy, water and small electrically uncharged
molecules, done through osmosis
