NUR2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
2 WITH ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
MARKING SCHEME GRADED A+ 2024/2025
What *is *gastritis? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-Inflammation *of *the *stomach *lining. *The *lining *will
*be *red *and *inflamed *and *irritated
What *are *the *causes *of *gastritis? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-Ingestion *of *irritating *substances
*such *a *alcohol, *aspirin, *NSAIDS, *viruses *and *bacteria
What *is *GERD? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-the *back *flow *of *gastric *contents *into *the *esophagus
*through *the *lower *esophageal *sphincter. *The *inflammation *occurs *from *the *reflex *of
*highly *acidic *stomach *acid *that *comes *up.
What *are *the *causes *of *GERD? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-Any *condition *or *agent *that *alters
*closure *of *the *lower *esophageal *sphincter *or *increases *in *abdominal *pressure, *fatty *food,
*caffeine, *large *amounts *of *alcohol, *smoking, *pregnancy *and *anatomical *features *like *hiatal
*hernia
What *are *complications *of *GERD? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-Barrett's *esophagus *where *columnar
*tissue *replaces *normal *squamous *tissue *in *the *distal *esophagus *that *carries *a *high *risk
*for *cancer. *Progression *can *lead *to *ulcers *and *scarring. *Esophageal *strictures, *pulmonary
*symptoms *such *as *cough, *asthma *and *laryngitis *from *reflux *in *breathing *passages.
What *are *the *signs *and *symptoms *of *peptic *ulcer *disease? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-epigastric
*burning *pain *that *is *usually *relieved *by *food *or *antacids *(gastric *ulcers *present *on
*empty *stomach *but *can *be *after *food, *duodenal *ulcers *present *2-3 *hours *after *food
*and *is *relieved *by *food). *Can *also *be *life *threatening *as *GI *bleeding *can *occur *without
*warning *and *cause *a *drop *in *H/H *and *dark *tarry *stools *and *hematemesis.
What *is *the *role *of *H.pylori *in *peptic *ulcer *disease? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-promotes *both
*gastric *and *duodenal *ulcer *formation *and *thrives *in *acidic *areas. *It *slows *down *ulcer
*healing *and *can *reoccur *frequently, *and *taking *it *away *can *help *ulcers *heal.
,What *is *pseudomembranous *colitis?(C.diff) *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-acute *inflammation *and
*necrosis *of *large *intestine. *The *intestinal *lining *cannot *absorb *well.
What *is *the *cause *of *pseudomembranous *colitis? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-clostridium *difficile,
*exposure *to *long *term *antibiotics *that *off *set *the *e.coli *and *c.diff *balance *in *intestine
What *are *the *manifestations *of *pseudomembranous *colitis? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-foul
*smelling/bloody *stool, *abdominal *pain, *fever, *leukocytosis, *sepsis, *colonic *perforation.
How *do *we *treat *pseudomembranous *colitis? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-stop *current *antibiotics,
*treat *ischemia *and *contributing *conditions, *give *oral *antibiotics *like *metronidazole *or
*vancomycin, *fecal *transplant *or *colectomy *if *severe
How *do *we *prevent *the *spread *of *pseudomembranous *colitis? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-
wearing *appropriate *PPE *and *washing *hands *with *soap *and *water *only
What *are *the *signs *and *symptoms *of *appendicitis? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-Periumbilical *pain,
*RLQ *pain, *presence *of *a *positive *McBurneys *point *with *pain, *nausea, *vomiting, *fever,
*diarrhea, *RLQ *tenderness, *systemic *signs *of *infection
How *do *we *assess *for *appendicitis? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-McBurney's *point *technique *when
*pressing *on *the *belly *button *and *RLQ *hip *region *and *removing *the *pressure *causes
*intense *pain, *indicates *positive *appendicitis
What *are *the *causes *of *bowel *obstructions? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-previous *surgery *of *the
*intestines *with *adhesions, *congenital *abnormalities *of *the *bowel, *metastatic *cancer *of *the
*intestinal *tract *or *female *reproductive *organs, *accumulation *of *fluid, *gas, *water *and
*electrolytes *in *the *bowel.
What *is *a *functional *bowel *obstruction? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-a *problem *with *the *act *of
*the *bowel *actually *moving, *such *as *things *that *inhibit *movement *from *surgery,
*medications, *opioids, *low *fiber *diets *that *can *slow *motility *or *shut *off *the *GI *system
*from *the *SNS *stimulation.
, What *is *a *mechanical *bowel *obstruction? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-due *to *adhesions, *hernia,
*tumors, *impacted *feces, *volvus *or *twisting *of *the *intestines, *intussusception
What *are *the *signs *and *symptoms *of *liver *disease? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-hepatocellular
*failure *(jaundice, *decreased *clotting, *hypoalbuminemia, *decreased *vitamin *D *and *K) *and
*portal *hypertension *(GI *congestion *due *to *blockage *of *blood, *more *esophageal *or *gastric
*varies, *hemorrhoids, *enlarged *spleen,)
Explain *what *jaundice *is? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-green- *yellow *staining *of *tissues *from
*increased *level *of *bilirubin *as *the *liver *cannot *metabolize *extra *bilirubin
Where *can *you *find *jaundice *on *assessment? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-eyes, *skin, *and *mouth
Explain *what *ascites *is? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-pathological *accumulation *of *fluid *in *the
*peritoneal *cavity *due *to *the *loss *of *albumin *in *the *liver, *causing *fluid *to *be *free
*amongst *the *cells. *It *can *cause *a *lot *of *pain *in *the *abdomen, *and *it *must *be
*drained *with *a *parenthesis
Explain *hepatic *encephalopathy? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-neuropsychiatric *syndrome *from *too
*much *ammonia *in *the *blood *as *the *liver *cannot *break *it *down. *results *in *dementia
*and *psychotic *symptoms *common *along *with *jerking
What *is *another *name *for *end *stage *liver *disease? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-cirrhosis
What *are *the *signs *and *symptoms *of *gallstones? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-sudden *pain *in *the
*RUQ/ *center *of *the *abdomen, *back *pain, *and *nauseas *and *vomiting.
Why *do *gallstones *occur? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-due *to *often *a *blockage *of *a *duct *from
*a *cholesterol *filled *stone
What *are *the *three *stages *of *gallstone *formation? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-supersaturation,
*nucleation, *hypo *motility
2 WITH ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
MARKING SCHEME GRADED A+ 2024/2025
What *is *gastritis? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-Inflammation *of *the *stomach *lining. *The *lining *will
*be *red *and *inflamed *and *irritated
What *are *the *causes *of *gastritis? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-Ingestion *of *irritating *substances
*such *a *alcohol, *aspirin, *NSAIDS, *viruses *and *bacteria
What *is *GERD? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-the *back *flow *of *gastric *contents *into *the *esophagus
*through *the *lower *esophageal *sphincter. *The *inflammation *occurs *from *the *reflex *of
*highly *acidic *stomach *acid *that *comes *up.
What *are *the *causes *of *GERD? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-Any *condition *or *agent *that *alters
*closure *of *the *lower *esophageal *sphincter *or *increases *in *abdominal *pressure, *fatty *food,
*caffeine, *large *amounts *of *alcohol, *smoking, *pregnancy *and *anatomical *features *like *hiatal
*hernia
What *are *complications *of *GERD? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-Barrett's *esophagus *where *columnar
*tissue *replaces *normal *squamous *tissue *in *the *distal *esophagus *that *carries *a *high *risk
*for *cancer. *Progression *can *lead *to *ulcers *and *scarring. *Esophageal *strictures, *pulmonary
*symptoms *such *as *cough, *asthma *and *laryngitis *from *reflux *in *breathing *passages.
What *are *the *signs *and *symptoms *of *peptic *ulcer *disease? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-epigastric
*burning *pain *that *is *usually *relieved *by *food *or *antacids *(gastric *ulcers *present *on
*empty *stomach *but *can *be *after *food, *duodenal *ulcers *present *2-3 *hours *after *food
*and *is *relieved *by *food). *Can *also *be *life *threatening *as *GI *bleeding *can *occur *without
*warning *and *cause *a *drop *in *H/H *and *dark *tarry *stools *and *hematemesis.
What *is *the *role *of *H.pylori *in *peptic *ulcer *disease? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-promotes *both
*gastric *and *duodenal *ulcer *formation *and *thrives *in *acidic *areas. *It *slows *down *ulcer
*healing *and *can *reoccur *frequently, *and *taking *it *away *can *help *ulcers *heal.
,What *is *pseudomembranous *colitis?(C.diff) *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-acute *inflammation *and
*necrosis *of *large *intestine. *The *intestinal *lining *cannot *absorb *well.
What *is *the *cause *of *pseudomembranous *colitis? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-clostridium *difficile,
*exposure *to *long *term *antibiotics *that *off *set *the *e.coli *and *c.diff *balance *in *intestine
What *are *the *manifestations *of *pseudomembranous *colitis? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-foul
*smelling/bloody *stool, *abdominal *pain, *fever, *leukocytosis, *sepsis, *colonic *perforation.
How *do *we *treat *pseudomembranous *colitis? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-stop *current *antibiotics,
*treat *ischemia *and *contributing *conditions, *give *oral *antibiotics *like *metronidazole *or
*vancomycin, *fecal *transplant *or *colectomy *if *severe
How *do *we *prevent *the *spread *of *pseudomembranous *colitis? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-
wearing *appropriate *PPE *and *washing *hands *with *soap *and *water *only
What *are *the *signs *and *symptoms *of *appendicitis? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-Periumbilical *pain,
*RLQ *pain, *presence *of *a *positive *McBurneys *point *with *pain, *nausea, *vomiting, *fever,
*diarrhea, *RLQ *tenderness, *systemic *signs *of *infection
How *do *we *assess *for *appendicitis? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-McBurney's *point *technique *when
*pressing *on *the *belly *button *and *RLQ *hip *region *and *removing *the *pressure *causes
*intense *pain, *indicates *positive *appendicitis
What *are *the *causes *of *bowel *obstructions? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-previous *surgery *of *the
*intestines *with *adhesions, *congenital *abnormalities *of *the *bowel, *metastatic *cancer *of *the
*intestinal *tract *or *female *reproductive *organs, *accumulation *of *fluid, *gas, *water *and
*electrolytes *in *the *bowel.
What *is *a *functional *bowel *obstruction? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-a *problem *with *the *act *of
*the *bowel *actually *moving, *such *as *things *that *inhibit *movement *from *surgery,
*medications, *opioids, *low *fiber *diets *that *can *slow *motility *or *shut *off *the *GI *system
*from *the *SNS *stimulation.
, What *is *a *mechanical *bowel *obstruction? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-due *to *adhesions, *hernia,
*tumors, *impacted *feces, *volvus *or *twisting *of *the *intestines, *intussusception
What *are *the *signs *and *symptoms *of *liver *disease? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-hepatocellular
*failure *(jaundice, *decreased *clotting, *hypoalbuminemia, *decreased *vitamin *D *and *K) *and
*portal *hypertension *(GI *congestion *due *to *blockage *of *blood, *more *esophageal *or *gastric
*varies, *hemorrhoids, *enlarged *spleen,)
Explain *what *jaundice *is? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-green- *yellow *staining *of *tissues *from
*increased *level *of *bilirubin *as *the *liver *cannot *metabolize *extra *bilirubin
Where *can *you *find *jaundice *on *assessment? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-eyes, *skin, *and *mouth
Explain *what *ascites *is? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-pathological *accumulation *of *fluid *in *the
*peritoneal *cavity *due *to *the *loss *of *albumin *in *the *liver, *causing *fluid *to *be *free
*amongst *the *cells. *It *can *cause *a *lot *of *pain *in *the *abdomen, *and *it *must *be
*drained *with *a *parenthesis
Explain *hepatic *encephalopathy? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-neuropsychiatric *syndrome *from *too
*much *ammonia *in *the *blood *as *the *liver *cannot *break *it *down. *results *in *dementia
*and *psychotic *symptoms *common *along *with *jerking
What *is *another *name *for *end *stage *liver *disease? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-cirrhosis
What *are *the *signs *and *symptoms *of *gallstones? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-sudden *pain *in *the
*RUQ/ *center *of *the *abdomen, *back *pain, *and *nauseas *and *vomiting.
Why *do *gallstones *occur? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-due *to *often *a *blockage *of *a *duct *from
*a *cholesterol *filled *stone
What *are *the *three *stages *of *gallstone *formation? *- *CORRECT *ANSWER-supersaturation,
*nucleation, *hypo *motility
