ADVANCED PATHOPHYS NU 503
TEST 1
Nucleotide - ANSWER Sugar, Nitrogenous Base, Phosphate
Hydrogen Bonds - ANSWER Broke by Heliase
Double bonds between AT
Triple bonds between CG
Pyrimidine - ANSWER Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine
Purine - ANSWER Adenine
Guanine
DNA - ANSWER deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material
present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of
chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
Double-stranded
Stored in the nucleus and mitochondria
RNA - ANSWER ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells.
Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA
for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA
rather than DNA carries the genetic information.
Single stranded
Uracil
Transcription - ANSWER RNA is produced by the enzyme RNA
polymerase, which catalyzes the serial addition of ribonucleotides.
Adenine pairs with Uracil
Translation - ANSWER the process whereby genetic information coded
in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a
ribosome in the cytoplasm
, How does RNA read DNA - ANSWER 3' to 5'
What direction does DNA replicate? - ANSWER 5' to 3'
Steps of DNA Replication - ANSWER 1. Helicases unzips parental
double helix
2. Single strand binding proteins stabilize unwound DNA.
3. Leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5'-3' direction by
DNA polymerase.
4. Lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously.
5. Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA
polymerase to form Okazaki Fragment
6. After RNA primer is replaced by DNA (by DNA polymerase), Ligase
joins the Okazaki fragment to the growing strand.
DNA Polymerase - ANSWER Enzyme involved in DNA replication that
joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
Decreases errors
RNA Polymerase - ANSWER Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that
binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription
Codon - ANSWER A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a
strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a
particular amino acid
tRNA - ANSWER transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to
the ribosome
mRNA - ANSWER messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries
instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
Cell Signaling - ANSWER Direct Contact via gap junctions
Complement Binding via receptors
Paracrine System - ANSWER cells secreting a chemical to affect other
nearby cells (short)
TEST 1
Nucleotide - ANSWER Sugar, Nitrogenous Base, Phosphate
Hydrogen Bonds - ANSWER Broke by Heliase
Double bonds between AT
Triple bonds between CG
Pyrimidine - ANSWER Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine
Purine - ANSWER Adenine
Guanine
DNA - ANSWER deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material
present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of
chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
Double-stranded
Stored in the nucleus and mitochondria
RNA - ANSWER ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells.
Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA
for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA
rather than DNA carries the genetic information.
Single stranded
Uracil
Transcription - ANSWER RNA is produced by the enzyme RNA
polymerase, which catalyzes the serial addition of ribonucleotides.
Adenine pairs with Uracil
Translation - ANSWER the process whereby genetic information coded
in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a
ribosome in the cytoplasm
, How does RNA read DNA - ANSWER 3' to 5'
What direction does DNA replicate? - ANSWER 5' to 3'
Steps of DNA Replication - ANSWER 1. Helicases unzips parental
double helix
2. Single strand binding proteins stabilize unwound DNA.
3. Leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5'-3' direction by
DNA polymerase.
4. Lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously.
5. Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA
polymerase to form Okazaki Fragment
6. After RNA primer is replaced by DNA (by DNA polymerase), Ligase
joins the Okazaki fragment to the growing strand.
DNA Polymerase - ANSWER Enzyme involved in DNA replication that
joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
Decreases errors
RNA Polymerase - ANSWER Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that
binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription
Codon - ANSWER A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a
strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a
particular amino acid
tRNA - ANSWER transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to
the ribosome
mRNA - ANSWER messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries
instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
Cell Signaling - ANSWER Direct Contact via gap junctions
Complement Binding via receptors
Paracrine System - ANSWER cells secreting a chemical to affect other
nearby cells (short)
