Intro to Physical Anthropology Exam 3
Hominidae - correct answer ✔✔Includes apes and humans
Characterized by adaptations for brachiation, no tail and larger body and brain size
How old are modern Humans? - correct answer ✔✔200,000 years old
How old is the genus homo? - correct answer ✔✔2.5-2 million years ago
When did hominids split from the ape line? - correct answer ✔✔7-4.4 MYA
What environment did the first hominids live in? - correct answer ✔✔Dry tropical grasslands in Africa.
Lots of fossil remains in East Africa
Characteristics of Hominids - correct answer ✔✔1. BIPEDALISM--earliest derived trait
Included reorientation of the foramen magnum, angled femur and locking knees
2. Tool-Use: starting about 2 million years ago
3. Large brain size (starting when H. erectus surpasses 850 cc)
What are the advantages of bipedalism? - correct answer ✔✔1. Frees hands for carrying.
2. Cooling--decreased sun exposure.
3. More energy efficient.
4. Increased visibility.
Why did bipedalism develop in the Savannah? - correct answer ✔✔1. Savannah is open and exposed.
2. Resources are far apart.
3. There are seasonal changes in temperature and food availability.
4. Threats by predators.
, Lovejoy's Model of Bipedalism - correct answer ✔✔Male provisioning: monogamous pairs require males
to provide food for females, and therefore must travel far distances to acquire food and bring back food
for females in exchange for sex. this leads to a loss of the estrus cycle.
Problems with Lovejoy's Model - correct answer ✔✔Very difficult to support using the fossil record.
No strong history of monogamy.
Skeletal signs of bipedalism - correct answer ✔✔1. Widened anterior-posterior pelvis.
2. Narrow medial-lateral pelvis.
3. Femur angles in toward medial plane.
4. Locking knee.
5. Curved sacrum.
6. Loss of opposable toe.
7. Foramen magnum is displaced
How old is the evidence for bipedalism? - correct answer ✔✔7 million years
How old is the first evidence of toolmaking? - correct answer ✔✔2 Million years old
How is Chimpanzee Tool-making different than that of hominids? - correct answer ✔✔1. No
forethought--a response to immediate needs.
2. Tools are simple--little modification.
3. No caching or carrying--one and done.
Expedient Technology - correct answer ✔✔A term coined by Binford to describe tools developed as a
response to an immediate need.
Curated Technology - correct answer ✔✔A term coined by Binford to describe tools developed in
anticipation of a future need, which normally involves transportation of required materials.
Hominidae - correct answer ✔✔Includes apes and humans
Characterized by adaptations for brachiation, no tail and larger body and brain size
How old are modern Humans? - correct answer ✔✔200,000 years old
How old is the genus homo? - correct answer ✔✔2.5-2 million years ago
When did hominids split from the ape line? - correct answer ✔✔7-4.4 MYA
What environment did the first hominids live in? - correct answer ✔✔Dry tropical grasslands in Africa.
Lots of fossil remains in East Africa
Characteristics of Hominids - correct answer ✔✔1. BIPEDALISM--earliest derived trait
Included reorientation of the foramen magnum, angled femur and locking knees
2. Tool-Use: starting about 2 million years ago
3. Large brain size (starting when H. erectus surpasses 850 cc)
What are the advantages of bipedalism? - correct answer ✔✔1. Frees hands for carrying.
2. Cooling--decreased sun exposure.
3. More energy efficient.
4. Increased visibility.
Why did bipedalism develop in the Savannah? - correct answer ✔✔1. Savannah is open and exposed.
2. Resources are far apart.
3. There are seasonal changes in temperature and food availability.
4. Threats by predators.
, Lovejoy's Model of Bipedalism - correct answer ✔✔Male provisioning: monogamous pairs require males
to provide food for females, and therefore must travel far distances to acquire food and bring back food
for females in exchange for sex. this leads to a loss of the estrus cycle.
Problems with Lovejoy's Model - correct answer ✔✔Very difficult to support using the fossil record.
No strong history of monogamy.
Skeletal signs of bipedalism - correct answer ✔✔1. Widened anterior-posterior pelvis.
2. Narrow medial-lateral pelvis.
3. Femur angles in toward medial plane.
4. Locking knee.
5. Curved sacrum.
6. Loss of opposable toe.
7. Foramen magnum is displaced
How old is the evidence for bipedalism? - correct answer ✔✔7 million years
How old is the first evidence of toolmaking? - correct answer ✔✔2 Million years old
How is Chimpanzee Tool-making different than that of hominids? - correct answer ✔✔1. No
forethought--a response to immediate needs.
2. Tools are simple--little modification.
3. No caching or carrying--one and done.
Expedient Technology - correct answer ✔✔A term coined by Binford to describe tools developed as a
response to an immediate need.
Curated Technology - correct answer ✔✔A term coined by Binford to describe tools developed in
anticipation of a future need, which normally involves transportation of required materials.
