NU 318 Genetics Test Study Guide With
Complete Solution
Transcription in Protein Synthesis - ANSWER Transcription is the process by
which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the information
needed for protein synthesis.
Where are majority of a cell's DNA located? - ANSWER Nucleus
What is Mitosis? - ANSWER Cell Division: there is a duplication of a parent
cell
Creates 2 new daughter cells that are identical to each other & parent cell
Translation in Protein Synthesis - ANSWER reading the mRNA codons to
make proteins; occurs on the ribosomes, using mature RNA, replacing
thymine w/ uracil for the mRNA to be able to leave the nucleus
Post-Translocation Modification in Protein Synthesis - ANSWER
Four Bases that present in DNA - ANSWER 1. Adenine (A)
2. Thymine (T)
3. Cytosine (C)
4. Guanine (G)
A+T
C+G
What is a chromosome? - ANSWER -A complex of protein & nucleic acids in
,which an unbroken double helix of DNA is tightly wound
-temporary structure that is a large chunk of DNA containing genes
22 pairs = Autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes
46 individual chromosomes
What is Apoptosis? - ANSWER knowing when to take a cell out of the
"workforce"
What is a telomere? - ANSWER Protects the end of a chromosome
Chromosome Structure/Shapes - ANSWER -2 sister chromatids attached by a
centromere; identical DNA
-complex of protein and nucleic acid in a double helix DNA tightly wound
Shapes:
1. Metacentric: X shaped, centromere in the middle (1, 3, 16, 19, 20)
2. Submetacentric: Arms lengths unequal, "L shape"
3. Acrocentric: the P short arm (13, 14, 15, 21, 22) P arm carries very little
genetic material since being short
Chromosome Formation - ANSWER -During cellular division chromatin
condenses or coils to form rod like chromosomes
-Prophase
Chromosome Inheritance - ANSWER
Helicase enzyme - ANSWER Enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bond between
, nitrogenous bases in DNA, helps unwind the strand of a double helix
-DNA Replication: Helicase assists in unwinding(unzipping) the two strands
of DNA and creating a replication fork for polymerase to begin DNA
replication
-Cell Division (Mitosis & Meiosis): Helicase ensures accurate segregation of
chromosomes into daughter cells
Phosphorus enzyme - ANSWER -Like the fuel that powers the process of
copying DNA
-Assists in creating the backbone for DNA, to create stability and structure
What is polyploidy? - ANSWER Condition of having additional whole sets of
extra chromosomes in a nucleus
Enzymes Participating in DNA Replication - ANSWER 1. DNA Polymerase:
chain elongation, "Proofreading", DNA repair
2. DNA Ligase: connects new segments together
3. DNA Helicase: unwinds/unzips DNA, separate the double strands
4. DNA Topoisomerase: creates a transient "nick" to disrupt supercoils
Complete Solution
Transcription in Protein Synthesis - ANSWER Transcription is the process by
which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the information
needed for protein synthesis.
Where are majority of a cell's DNA located? - ANSWER Nucleus
What is Mitosis? - ANSWER Cell Division: there is a duplication of a parent
cell
Creates 2 new daughter cells that are identical to each other & parent cell
Translation in Protein Synthesis - ANSWER reading the mRNA codons to
make proteins; occurs on the ribosomes, using mature RNA, replacing
thymine w/ uracil for the mRNA to be able to leave the nucleus
Post-Translocation Modification in Protein Synthesis - ANSWER
Four Bases that present in DNA - ANSWER 1. Adenine (A)
2. Thymine (T)
3. Cytosine (C)
4. Guanine (G)
A+T
C+G
What is a chromosome? - ANSWER -A complex of protein & nucleic acids in
,which an unbroken double helix of DNA is tightly wound
-temporary structure that is a large chunk of DNA containing genes
22 pairs = Autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes
46 individual chromosomes
What is Apoptosis? - ANSWER knowing when to take a cell out of the
"workforce"
What is a telomere? - ANSWER Protects the end of a chromosome
Chromosome Structure/Shapes - ANSWER -2 sister chromatids attached by a
centromere; identical DNA
-complex of protein and nucleic acid in a double helix DNA tightly wound
Shapes:
1. Metacentric: X shaped, centromere in the middle (1, 3, 16, 19, 20)
2. Submetacentric: Arms lengths unequal, "L shape"
3. Acrocentric: the P short arm (13, 14, 15, 21, 22) P arm carries very little
genetic material since being short
Chromosome Formation - ANSWER -During cellular division chromatin
condenses or coils to form rod like chromosomes
-Prophase
Chromosome Inheritance - ANSWER
Helicase enzyme - ANSWER Enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bond between
, nitrogenous bases in DNA, helps unwind the strand of a double helix
-DNA Replication: Helicase assists in unwinding(unzipping) the two strands
of DNA and creating a replication fork for polymerase to begin DNA
replication
-Cell Division (Mitosis & Meiosis): Helicase ensures accurate segregation of
chromosomes into daughter cells
Phosphorus enzyme - ANSWER -Like the fuel that powers the process of
copying DNA
-Assists in creating the backbone for DNA, to create stability and structure
What is polyploidy? - ANSWER Condition of having additional whole sets of
extra chromosomes in a nucleus
Enzymes Participating in DNA Replication - ANSWER 1. DNA Polymerase:
chain elongation, "Proofreading", DNA repair
2. DNA Ligase: connects new segments together
3. DNA Helicase: unwinds/unzips DNA, separate the double strands
4. DNA Topoisomerase: creates a transient "nick" to disrupt supercoils
