SPAUD 505 Research Methods Midterm || with A+
Guaranteed Solutions.
Research is a correct answers scientific organized way to seek answers to questions
Scientific Research is ___ and ____ correct answers powerful and objective
method of gaining scientific knoweldge correct answers scientific method
scientific observation is observing correct answers 2 or more variables and their relationship
sci. observation must be ____ and ____ and _____ correct answers objective and (accessible)
vetted and repeatable
cause and effect relationship means that correct answers A causes B or A implies B attributing to
the fact that A causes B
-not all relationships are cause & effect
-
3 conditions for inferring causality correct answers 1. condition occurs before change, not after
2. observable and quantifiable change (through data)
3. no extraneous variables (most difficult to test)
Example: Left hemisphere stroke can result in language impairments
5 parts of conducting scientific research correct answers statement of the problem, formulating
hypotheses, developing method, results of investigation, discussion and conclusion
4 parts of introduction correct answers -General statement of the problem-Rationale of the
investigation/study-relevant review of literature-conclusion of section with research questions
and hypothesis
Statement of the problem correct answers clear statement of problem and rationale for studying it
-subproblems/subpurposes
Formulating hypothesis correct answers best guess to research question & created before study
developing research method correct answers -How or who?
-Participants (preferred)/subjects
-Materials
-Procedure
-ReliabilityParticipants
Results correct answers what was found
-displayed on a graph
-facilitates interpretation
,-pivotal role in research
Discussion/conclusion correct answers Does it answer research question?
-literature cited
research process is a circular correct answers springboard
-Question: generated from clinical experience, case studies, presentations, research literature
Method: How
Results: what was found
Conclusion & Discussion: So what?
New questions at the end of the study
Basic reserach correct answers devlopment of knowledge, not asnwering a social or lcinical
problem
applied research aims to correct answers solve a problem
basic and applied research are correct answers not independent of one another
Field research is correct answers conducted in everyday settings, observing naturally
lab research is set in a ______ to _______ correct answers contrived setting to control factors
Experimental reserach aims to establush correct answers cause and effect
experimental research requirements correct answers randomization (equivalency) and
manipulation (IV)
EX: effects of liquid bolus volume on oral transit time and duration of UES opening in healthy
adults <—-
-control group (liquid bolus by amount), random (healthy adults), intervention
non experimental (descriptive research) aims to correct answers -Aim at observing group
differences (observational)
-May or may not have a comparison group
-Beneficial in providing information
-Cannot control for extraneous factors that could influence the change
EX: compared spontaneous language samples of children with SLI and those who are TD wrt
verb particle constructions, subject argument, & object argument omissions
you cannot control _____ in descriptive research correct answers extraneous factors
Quasi Experimental aims to correct answers explain cause and effect but in between the two
EX: examined effects of varying compression ratio on speech recognition for individuals with HI
and normal hearing
- not random (predetermined conditions), can control IV (compression ratio)
, Quasi is different from descriptive in that correct answers there is an intentional control group
Quasi is different than experimental in that correct answers the independent variable cannot be
manipulated and is non random
examples of Quasi independent variables correct answers pre existing conditions (stroke
patients)
Qualititaive correct answers description rich data
Quantitative correct answers objective, numerical
Independent variables correct answers Causes the change in dependent variable
Aka: experimental, manipulated
Dependent variable correct answers -Behavior that is changed/observed
-Focus of the study
-Quantitative & qualitative
Active variables correct answers CAN be manipulated (masking noise, delayed auditory
feedback)
-IV in experimental (active)
Attribute variables correct answers the variable cannot be manipulated; it is an ATTRIBUTE
such as age, intelligence, health condition
-Independent variable in descriptive
Continuous Variables can correct answers take on a range of values and are rank ordered
example of continuous variable correct answers age, degree of HL, intensity of voice
Categorical Variables have correct answers different values that can be categorized and not rank
ordered
example of categorical variable correct answers gender/ severity of disorder
Extraneous variables are correct answers -Unwanted variable that could influence the dependent
variable
-Mediates the relationship between IV and DV
primary source correct answers first appearance of research from literature
primary sources are usually found in correct answers journal, and are formal
Secondary sources correct answers records that explain or interpret primary sources such as a
textbook
Guaranteed Solutions.
Research is a correct answers scientific organized way to seek answers to questions
Scientific Research is ___ and ____ correct answers powerful and objective
method of gaining scientific knoweldge correct answers scientific method
scientific observation is observing correct answers 2 or more variables and their relationship
sci. observation must be ____ and ____ and _____ correct answers objective and (accessible)
vetted and repeatable
cause and effect relationship means that correct answers A causes B or A implies B attributing to
the fact that A causes B
-not all relationships are cause & effect
-
3 conditions for inferring causality correct answers 1. condition occurs before change, not after
2. observable and quantifiable change (through data)
3. no extraneous variables (most difficult to test)
Example: Left hemisphere stroke can result in language impairments
5 parts of conducting scientific research correct answers statement of the problem, formulating
hypotheses, developing method, results of investigation, discussion and conclusion
4 parts of introduction correct answers -General statement of the problem-Rationale of the
investigation/study-relevant review of literature-conclusion of section with research questions
and hypothesis
Statement of the problem correct answers clear statement of problem and rationale for studying it
-subproblems/subpurposes
Formulating hypothesis correct answers best guess to research question & created before study
developing research method correct answers -How or who?
-Participants (preferred)/subjects
-Materials
-Procedure
-ReliabilityParticipants
Results correct answers what was found
-displayed on a graph
-facilitates interpretation
,-pivotal role in research
Discussion/conclusion correct answers Does it answer research question?
-literature cited
research process is a circular correct answers springboard
-Question: generated from clinical experience, case studies, presentations, research literature
Method: How
Results: what was found
Conclusion & Discussion: So what?
New questions at the end of the study
Basic reserach correct answers devlopment of knowledge, not asnwering a social or lcinical
problem
applied research aims to correct answers solve a problem
basic and applied research are correct answers not independent of one another
Field research is correct answers conducted in everyday settings, observing naturally
lab research is set in a ______ to _______ correct answers contrived setting to control factors
Experimental reserach aims to establush correct answers cause and effect
experimental research requirements correct answers randomization (equivalency) and
manipulation (IV)
EX: effects of liquid bolus volume on oral transit time and duration of UES opening in healthy
adults <—-
-control group (liquid bolus by amount), random (healthy adults), intervention
non experimental (descriptive research) aims to correct answers -Aim at observing group
differences (observational)
-May or may not have a comparison group
-Beneficial in providing information
-Cannot control for extraneous factors that could influence the change
EX: compared spontaneous language samples of children with SLI and those who are TD wrt
verb particle constructions, subject argument, & object argument omissions
you cannot control _____ in descriptive research correct answers extraneous factors
Quasi Experimental aims to correct answers explain cause and effect but in between the two
EX: examined effects of varying compression ratio on speech recognition for individuals with HI
and normal hearing
- not random (predetermined conditions), can control IV (compression ratio)
, Quasi is different from descriptive in that correct answers there is an intentional control group
Quasi is different than experimental in that correct answers the independent variable cannot be
manipulated and is non random
examples of Quasi independent variables correct answers pre existing conditions (stroke
patients)
Qualititaive correct answers description rich data
Quantitative correct answers objective, numerical
Independent variables correct answers Causes the change in dependent variable
Aka: experimental, manipulated
Dependent variable correct answers -Behavior that is changed/observed
-Focus of the study
-Quantitative & qualitative
Active variables correct answers CAN be manipulated (masking noise, delayed auditory
feedback)
-IV in experimental (active)
Attribute variables correct answers the variable cannot be manipulated; it is an ATTRIBUTE
such as age, intelligence, health condition
-Independent variable in descriptive
Continuous Variables can correct answers take on a range of values and are rank ordered
example of continuous variable correct answers age, degree of HL, intensity of voice
Categorical Variables have correct answers different values that can be categorized and not rank
ordered
example of categorical variable correct answers gender/ severity of disorder
Extraneous variables are correct answers -Unwanted variable that could influence the dependent
variable
-Mediates the relationship between IV and DV
primary source correct answers first appearance of research from literature
primary sources are usually found in correct answers journal, and are formal
Secondary sources correct answers records that explain or interpret primary sources such as a
textbook
