©THEBRIGHTSTARS 2024
Evolutionary Analysis Exam Study Guide.
Homologies - answer✔the same organ in different animals under every variety of form &
function
-> shared derived structures
Importance of homologies - answer✔Phenotypically and gentically defined -> representative
organisms
Charles Lyell - answer✔Gradual change of earth during a long time
Carl Woese - answer✔LUCA
Evidence of macroevolution - answer✔Homologies
Uniformitarism - answer✔Conclusion that natural laws of today applied in the past and will
apply in the future -> same processes that shape earth today must have changed earth over very
long period of time
Principle of horizontality - answer✔Different sedimental layers have different fossils -> change
of organisms in time
Scala naturae - answer✔Grade by perfection of organisms, linear growing complexity ->
Aristotle
Categorization à Linnaeus - answer✔3 kingdorms: minerals, plants, animals
Special creation theory - answer✔all species
- were created
- are unrelated
- relatively young
Development of the Theory of „Natural selection" - answer✔Charles Darwin: Origin of Species
-> communicates principle of natural selection
Alfred Russel Wallace: wrote lesser known article
Biological species concept - answer✔Group that can freelly breed together is reproductively
isolated from other groups
, ©THEBRIGHTSTARS 2024
Founder of BSC - answer✔Ernst Mays
„Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution" - answer✔Dobzhansky ->
Drosophila
Evolution - answer✔Change in allele frequencies over time
Chance in inherited traits in a population over time
Fitness - answer✔Extent to which an organism contributes genes to future
or
score an a perfomance level expecte to correlate with the above
Adaption - answer✔Certain phenotype increases because it incrases fitness
or
process of adaptive phenotypes evolving due to selection
Population - answer✔All organisms of one species in a defined area
Community - answer✔All organisms in a defined area
Co-option - answer✔Structure/System with original function is later adopted to serve new
function -> Jaw bone to ear bone (mammals)
Motility story - answer✔Evolved cooperative motility to replace S-Motility on soft agar
surfaces without pili
Genetic variation - answer✔genetic difference between individuals causes phenotypic variation
Environmental variation - answer✔in space/time can cause phenotypes of individual organisms
to vary
Genetic x environmental variation - answer✔genetic differences can cause individuals to react
differently to environmental variation
Mutation (broadly conceived) - answer✔Allele frequency change caused by nucleotide
sequence change
Selection - answer✔Allele-frequency change caused by allele fitness effects
Genetic drift - answer✔Allele-frequence change caused by random effect
Migration/gene flow - answer✔Allele-frequency change caused by arrival/departure of
individuals from/to a population
Evolutionary Analysis Exam Study Guide.
Homologies - answer✔the same organ in different animals under every variety of form &
function
-> shared derived structures
Importance of homologies - answer✔Phenotypically and gentically defined -> representative
organisms
Charles Lyell - answer✔Gradual change of earth during a long time
Carl Woese - answer✔LUCA
Evidence of macroevolution - answer✔Homologies
Uniformitarism - answer✔Conclusion that natural laws of today applied in the past and will
apply in the future -> same processes that shape earth today must have changed earth over very
long period of time
Principle of horizontality - answer✔Different sedimental layers have different fossils -> change
of organisms in time
Scala naturae - answer✔Grade by perfection of organisms, linear growing complexity ->
Aristotle
Categorization à Linnaeus - answer✔3 kingdorms: minerals, plants, animals
Special creation theory - answer✔all species
- were created
- are unrelated
- relatively young
Development of the Theory of „Natural selection" - answer✔Charles Darwin: Origin of Species
-> communicates principle of natural selection
Alfred Russel Wallace: wrote lesser known article
Biological species concept - answer✔Group that can freelly breed together is reproductively
isolated from other groups
, ©THEBRIGHTSTARS 2024
Founder of BSC - answer✔Ernst Mays
„Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution" - answer✔Dobzhansky ->
Drosophila
Evolution - answer✔Change in allele frequencies over time
Chance in inherited traits in a population over time
Fitness - answer✔Extent to which an organism contributes genes to future
or
score an a perfomance level expecte to correlate with the above
Adaption - answer✔Certain phenotype increases because it incrases fitness
or
process of adaptive phenotypes evolving due to selection
Population - answer✔All organisms of one species in a defined area
Community - answer✔All organisms in a defined area
Co-option - answer✔Structure/System with original function is later adopted to serve new
function -> Jaw bone to ear bone (mammals)
Motility story - answer✔Evolved cooperative motility to replace S-Motility on soft agar
surfaces without pili
Genetic variation - answer✔genetic difference between individuals causes phenotypic variation
Environmental variation - answer✔in space/time can cause phenotypes of individual organisms
to vary
Genetic x environmental variation - answer✔genetic differences can cause individuals to react
differently to environmental variation
Mutation (broadly conceived) - answer✔Allele frequency change caused by nucleotide
sequence change
Selection - answer✔Allele-frequency change caused by allele fitness effects
Genetic drift - answer✔Allele-frequence change caused by random effect
Migration/gene flow - answer✔Allele-frequency change caused by arrival/departure of
individuals from/to a population
