AICE Psychology Study Guide (20 studies) fully solved & updated(100- accuracy).

CS#1- Suspect, Lies, and Videotapes: Man Vrjj Bull WHY Hypothesis- Won't find any overwriting set of behaviors that'll reveal the liars completely. There are too many individual differences. They believe they will not be able to tell who's lying/telling the truth for sure. Cognitive Psychology- (area of psych) what goes on in brain AIM- to determine if there are systematic behavioral indicators to distinguish between those who are telling lies and those telling the truth. -To determine if cognitive load causes changes in behavior related to lying/telling truth. -Cognitive load- having the mind loaded with other things going on in that person's life that can affect them -Independent variable- questions on the video tape. -Dependent variable- responses (all categories: any movement, "ums," gaze aversions, etc) Method -Lab experiment because everything was controlled: the questions, interviews, suspects selected, the setting, etc -Quasi experiment- the independent variable was not directly manipulated by the experimenter Advantages- results can be compared/contrasted -reliable, valid, replicable Disadv.- low ecological validity- procedure isn't realistic -not a representative sample- 16 suspects, no variety of races Sample- 13 males, 3 females-4 juveniles-15 white, 1 punjabi crimes: theft, arson, attempted rape, murder Procedure: -total of 65 video clips- tapes edited to show only lying or truth telling -coders told to "code the video footage" (content analysis) -coders not told about study- single blind test -behaviors recorded: gaze aversion, blinking, head movements, speech disturbances, pauses, hand and arm movements (originally coded individually-self manipulations, hand-finger movements- but later grouped together)--everything was counted -inter rater reliability- when both coders agree on things (like how many times the person blinked) If they don't agree, CS#2- The Creation of False Memories: Loftus and Pickrell Aim- To show that memory is malleable. Is it possible to create a false memory of an event by adding post event info? Memory- Memory is not only what the person has experienced but also combined with any information added after the event Method- Questionnaire/booklet (mailed) and personal interviews -Interviews included subjects and relatives of subjects to provide actual info about subject's childhood experiences (experiences that happened between 4-6 years of age) -Certain questions relatives were asked- 1)Has the subject ever gotten lost in a shopping mall? 2) Who and when the subject went shopping with? 3) Type of stores shopped at? -Interviews conducted in person or over the phone Sample- 3 males, 21 females, ages 18-53; recruited by University of Washington Psych students Procedure- Subjects were mailed a 5 pg booklet with instructions -Booklet contained 4 short stories of events experienced by subject as a child (info provided by relative) -3 events were true, 1 was the false memory -3rd event always false- standardized the experiment -Details about false event: 1) Lost for long time 2) child was crying 3) lost in a shopping mall at age 5 4) old lady helped child 5) taken back to family -Subjects read events from booklets and wrote responses (wrote what they remember about the memory) -Interviews conducted with subjects (2 interviews 2 weeks apart) to gain more detailed info face-to-face -2 female interviews recorded responses -Subjected rated their memory of each even on a Likert scale of 10 pts (1=very little memory, 10=very clear memory) and on a 5 pt scale (how likely they thought their memory would improve given more time to think about it) Findings- 24 subjects rated 72 true events and remembered 49 (68%) -24 subjects rated 24 false events and remembered 7 (29%) in the booklet and 6 (25%) in the 1st inte Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:15 Full screen Brainpower Read More CS#3- Reading in the Mind of the Eyes: Baron-Cohen Aim- if autistic people have theory of mind Autism- wide spectrum disorder (ASD) Symptoms: Obsessions, repetitive behaviors, lack of social skills 1997 Eyes Task- succeeded in discriminating adults with Asperger's Syndrome (AS) and high functioning autism (HFA) from controls but suffered from psychometric problems. So another experiment was performed A psychometric problem: Used basic emotions that were very contrasting. Revised version had a variety of emotions Asperger's Syndrome- an ASD; restricted and obsessively repetitive patterns of behavior Originally 40 questions, 4 dropped after testing Participants: 25 AS/HFA males; 225 normal people from a town and Cambridge Univ.; 14 normal people with IQ's matched to AS/HFA's IQ method- lab method Predictions- 1.AS/HFA normals (eyes test) Not normal people will score less than normals on that test AS/HFA normals (AQ) Not normal will score higher on autistic qualities test Females will score higher than males on eyes test females will score less than males on AQ test AS/HFA: will score higher on AQ test than eyes test Results: AS/HFA scored less than normals on eyes test AS/HFA scored more on AQ test than normals females scored higher than males on eyes test females scored less than males on AQ test AS/HFA scored higher on AQ test than eyes test -Modifications worked--2001 Eyes task is more sensitive and detects individual differences better Discussion- AQ and eyes task correlated -IQ and eyes task not correlated -Autistic people are not unintelligent -there are diff. kinds of intelligence -social difficulties not correlated to IQ Evaluation- Ecological validity (lab is not real life: low)--weakness, experimental validity (measures an autistic trait, not a normal one. high control over extraneous variables), reliable, replicable (pencil and paper test), qualitative a CS#4- Kitten Carousel: Held and Hein AIM- Whether an individual needs to move themselves around at the same time as experiencing visual changes in order to develop perceptual skills Hypothesis- self produced movement and concurrent visual feedback are essential for the development of visually guided behavior Subjects: 10 pairs of kittens each from a diff litter. In each pair one was A (active) and one was P (passive) -8 pairs (group X) kept in dark until 8-12 weeks. Exposed to apparatus for 3 hrs daily -2 pairs (group Y) exposed 3 hrs daily from 2-10 weeks of age, to the patterned interior or lab while restrained- could move head but not body -When not exposes all kittens kept in dark cages with mom and littler mates method- lab method Procedure -Kitten pair attached to apparatus (freely moving roundabout-movements controlled by A cat bc its body was firmly but flexibly attached to apparatus) -Kitten A- rotate clockwise or anticlockwise around apparatus, go towards away or from center, move up or down, turn left or right -Kitten P- firmly attached to roundabout but carried in a basket so only its head could move. This cat would be controlled by cat A's movement Tests: Visually guided paw placement- kitten was held by person with its head and forelegs free and was carried down to the edge of the table. Kitten with normal visual experience-extended its paws ready to make contact with surface. Repeated 6 times Avoidance of a visual cliff- kitten placed on a surface from which it can stay still or walk to shallow or deep side. normal cat- avoid deep side. Repeated 6 times. Blink to an approaching object- kitten was held still in a standing position and person brought hand quickly to cat's face. normal cat- blinks in response -Additional 3 tests: Visual pursuit of a moving object- kitten was shown person's hand moving slowly in front of it. Movement of kit CS#5- Obedience: Milgram obedience- willing to comply with the commands,orders, or instructions of those in authority AIM- to investigate what level of obedience would be shown when participants were told by an authority figure to administer electric shocks to another person purpose-to find out why ppl listen to authority figures (testing obedience) -Wanted to prove that white people were not like Germans- Nazis:they obeyed anyone (Hitler) to harm ppl Hypothesis- whites aren't as obedient as Germans Independent variable- the test that the teachers gave to student Dependent variable-how the teachers reacted Advantages- controlled variables, replicable, reliable, valid Disadv.- low eco valid (nobody really does this, and all variables are controlled), ethical issues (teachers not aware what was really going on), not a rep. sample because there were no females or variety of race sample- 40 males, age: 20-50yrs. Recruited from New Haven area. Obtained by newspaper and direct mail advertisement which asked for volunteers to participate in a study of memory and learning at Yale Univ. (sample=weak b/c it's limited to 20-50 yr old males who read junk mail and the newspaper) method- lab experiment Procedure- -40 males given award: $4.50 (told that payment was for coming to lab, regardless of what happened after they arrived) -Milgram created a phony shock generator -Victim-47yr old Mr. Wallace -Participant asked to draw a slip of paper from hat to see what role he'd play (draw was rigged so participant was always the teacher and Wallace was always the learner)