NURS1005 STUDY GUIDE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Identify the products that macromolecules (fat, protein and carbohydrates)
are broken down into during catabolism - ANSWER fats: fatty acids and
glycerol
proteins: amino acids
carbohydrates: simple sugars
functions of carbohydrates in the body - ANSWER provides raw energy
needed for energy production, stores energy and build macromolecules
functions fats in the body - ANSWER triglycerides, cholesterol insulate and
protect vital organs, stores energy fuel
functions of proteins in the body - ANSWER repair and build body tissues,
allows metabolic reactions to take place, coordinated bodily functions,
maintains proper pH and fluid balance
how the function of proteins may be influenced by alterations such as heat
and pH - ANSWER changes shape when there are alterations in temperature
and pH. They may denature and therefore affect their lock and key
mechanisms.
physical alterations that lead to vomiting - ANSWER - severe pain
- distension of the stomach or duodenum
- trauma to the testes, ovaries, bladder or kidney
,- ipecac or copper salts in the duodenum
outline the clinical manifestation that you may observe in a patient who has
experienced severe vomiting for several days - ANSWER - symptomatic
dehydrations and electrolyte abnormalities
- in extreme circumstances: esophageal tear
discuss possible causes and the complications that can result from upper
gastrointestinal bleeding - ANSWER - peptic ulcer disease, liver cirrhosis and
cancer
- complications: diarrhoea, anaemia, elevated BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
discuss the physical alterations that can lead to increased gastric acid
production - ANSWER - increase in the no. of parietal/chief cells
- decrease in the inhibition of gastric secretions
- increased sensitivity to food/other stimuli such as: caffeine and histamine
- excessive vagal stimulation
discuss the physical alterations that can lead to decreased mucous
production in the stomach - ANSWER - ischemia: loss of integrity of mucosa
- sympathetic stimulation: decreases secretions
- bile or pancreatic enzyme reflux
- H. Pylori colonisation
discuss the treatments that could alleviate symptoms observed in celiac
disease and lactose intolerance - ANSWER - gluten-free diet
- diary-free diet
, explain how the stomach protects itself from gastric acid - ANSWER mucosal
barrier protects the stomach from self-digestion, including a thick coating of
bicarbonate-rich mucus; neutralises gastric acid
compare and contrast the causes and pathophysiology of osmotic and
secretory diarrhoea - ANSWER osmotic diarrhoea: eating substances that
cannot be absorbed. The result of too many solutes in the intestines. Bowel
movements are loose.
secretory diarrhoea: body secretes electrolytes into the intestine and causes
water to build up.
pneumothorax pathophysiology - ANSWER air enters the pleural space
separating the visceral and parietal pleura destroying the negative space
pneumothorax signs and symptoms - ANSWER SOB, chest pain, sharp pain
when inhaling, pressure in the chest that worsens, cyanosis, tachycardia,
tachypnea
pneumothorax complications - ANSWER effusion, hemorrhage, respiratory
failure, empsyema (pus gathering in pleural space)
emphysema pathophysiology - ANSWER decrease of lung elasticity,
abnormal dilation of the alveoli
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Identify the products that macromolecules (fat, protein and carbohydrates)
are broken down into during catabolism - ANSWER fats: fatty acids and
glycerol
proteins: amino acids
carbohydrates: simple sugars
functions of carbohydrates in the body - ANSWER provides raw energy
needed for energy production, stores energy and build macromolecules
functions fats in the body - ANSWER triglycerides, cholesterol insulate and
protect vital organs, stores energy fuel
functions of proteins in the body - ANSWER repair and build body tissues,
allows metabolic reactions to take place, coordinated bodily functions,
maintains proper pH and fluid balance
how the function of proteins may be influenced by alterations such as heat
and pH - ANSWER changes shape when there are alterations in temperature
and pH. They may denature and therefore affect their lock and key
mechanisms.
physical alterations that lead to vomiting - ANSWER - severe pain
- distension of the stomach or duodenum
- trauma to the testes, ovaries, bladder or kidney
,- ipecac or copper salts in the duodenum
outline the clinical manifestation that you may observe in a patient who has
experienced severe vomiting for several days - ANSWER - symptomatic
dehydrations and electrolyte abnormalities
- in extreme circumstances: esophageal tear
discuss possible causes and the complications that can result from upper
gastrointestinal bleeding - ANSWER - peptic ulcer disease, liver cirrhosis and
cancer
- complications: diarrhoea, anaemia, elevated BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
discuss the physical alterations that can lead to increased gastric acid
production - ANSWER - increase in the no. of parietal/chief cells
- decrease in the inhibition of gastric secretions
- increased sensitivity to food/other stimuli such as: caffeine and histamine
- excessive vagal stimulation
discuss the physical alterations that can lead to decreased mucous
production in the stomach - ANSWER - ischemia: loss of integrity of mucosa
- sympathetic stimulation: decreases secretions
- bile or pancreatic enzyme reflux
- H. Pylori colonisation
discuss the treatments that could alleviate symptoms observed in celiac
disease and lactose intolerance - ANSWER - gluten-free diet
- diary-free diet
, explain how the stomach protects itself from gastric acid - ANSWER mucosal
barrier protects the stomach from self-digestion, including a thick coating of
bicarbonate-rich mucus; neutralises gastric acid
compare and contrast the causes and pathophysiology of osmotic and
secretory diarrhoea - ANSWER osmotic diarrhoea: eating substances that
cannot be absorbed. The result of too many solutes in the intestines. Bowel
movements are loose.
secretory diarrhoea: body secretes electrolytes into the intestine and causes
water to build up.
pneumothorax pathophysiology - ANSWER air enters the pleural space
separating the visceral and parietal pleura destroying the negative space
pneumothorax signs and symptoms - ANSWER SOB, chest pain, sharp pain
when inhaling, pressure in the chest that worsens, cyanosis, tachycardia,
tachypnea
pneumothorax complications - ANSWER effusion, hemorrhage, respiratory
failure, empsyema (pus gathering in pleural space)
emphysema pathophysiology - ANSWER decrease of lung elasticity,
abnormal dilation of the alveoli
