NUR 217 Fall 23 Final Exam Study Guide.( A+ GUARANTEED)

NUR 217 Fall 23 Final Exam Study Guide HIV Transmission Routes of Transmission • Unprotected sexual intercourse • Sharing needles, body piercings, tattoos Infectious Body Fluids • Blood • Semen • Vaginal fluids • Breast milk HIV Diagnostic Tests Antibody Tests • ELISA and Western Blot • Uses: screening and diagnosis of chronic HIV infection Viral Tests • p24 Antigen • Use: diagnosis of acute/primary HIV PCR Tests • DNA PCR • Use: diagnosis of HIV-exposed infants • RNA RT-PCR • bDNA • Use: baseline assessment & follow-up of viral load, diagnosis of acute/primary HIV HIV Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Initiation of ART • After diagnosis of HIV • Slows HIV progression • Side effects, expensive, and does not work for everyone HIV Workplace Prevention Precautions • Recommended for exposure to blood • Protect wounds or abrasions from exposure to blood • Use latex gloves Levels of Prevention Primary Prevention • Preventing illness, promoting health Secondary Prevention • Screening Tertiary Prevention • Long-term care Heart Disease Epidemiological Disease Type • Chronic disease Independent/Modifiable Risk Factors • Hypertension • Diet modification • Exercise • Medications • Reduce stress • Heart valve problems • Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) • Aneurysm • Arrhythmias • Peripheral vascular disease • CVA (stroke) Secondary Prevention for Heart Disease in Men Programs • Checking blood pressure • Medications • Lifestyle changes Hypertension Primary/Essential Hypertension • No identifiable cause Secondary Hypertension • From underlying disease or condition Signs/Symptoms of Stroke/CVA Symptoms • Sudden numbness or weakness • Sudden confusion, trouble speaking • Sudden trouble walking, dizziness or loss of balance • Sudden severe headache with no cause Decreased Mental Well-being in Men Risk Factors • Quality of relationships • Positive emotions • Resilience • Satisfaction with life • Bad coping mechanisms • Not managing stress Causes of Depression Major Causes • Quality emotional well-being • Psychological well-being • Social well-being Symptoms of Recurrent Depression in Men Common Symptoms • Restlessness • Irritability • Ongoing sadness and anxiousness • Feeling of hopelessness PTSD Definition • Reliving stressful events through nightmares or flashbacks • (combat, natural disaster, divorce, violence) Symptoms • Flight or fight response • Anxiety • Panic attacks • Feelings of mistrust Bipolar Disorder Presentation in Men • Tends to begin with a manic episode Schizophrenia Age Risks/Risk Factors in Men • Symptoms usually first appear between ages 20-30 • Risk factors: psychosis-like symptoms, hallucinations, social withdrawal Personality Disorder Clusters Cluster A • People who appear odd or eccentric Cluster B • Highly egocentric people who may appear dramatic, emotional, erratic Cluster C • People who appear anxious or fearful Complications of Hypertension Diseases • Stroke (10x risk) • MI (6x risk) • Kidney disease (major cause and vice versa) Common Cancers in Men Most Common Cancer • Prostate Cancer Intentional vs. Unintentional Injuries in Men Intentional Injuries • Suicide • Violence • Abuse Unintentional Injuries • MVA • Sport injury Causes/Risk Factors of Vascular Dementia Causes • Heart disease • Diabetes • Stroke • High blood pressure • High cholesterol Education for Family Caring for Alzheimer's Patient Tips • Monitor personal comfort • Avoid being confrontational • Redirect person's attention • Create a calm environment US Healthcare System Description • Very expensive • Not universal (limited access to healthcare in poverty-stricken areas and in rural areas) General Health and Welfare Services in the US Description • Has evolved over time • Public health was left out of the US constitution • Responsibility of health was left up to the state Government Health Programs TANF • Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Medicare • Parts A, B, C, D • Largest federally funded program • Pays for healthcare for individuals who are older than 65 Medicaid • State-administered program • Pays for health services for people who are low income, undocumented, or have disabilities HMOs • Limit where you can go, small pool of providers to choose from Clinton's Universal Health Care • Healthcare for everyone Quality Healthcare 5 'A's Affordable • The cost of healthcare and the willingness to pay Availability • What resources are available Accessibility • How easy is it to get there Accommodation • How well are client preferences included in care Acceptability • How comfortable is the client with the provider and vice versa Risk Factors for Lung Cancer Risk Factors • Smoking • Secondhand smoking • Radon gas in the home • Exposure to cancer-causing substances • Medical exposure to radiation to the chest • Chronic lung disease • Increased age Parts of the Brain Impacted by Depression Brain Areas • Amygdala (associated with processing anxiety and fear) • Hippocampus (emotional regulation) • Hypothalamus (sleep regulation) Prevention of Prostate Cancer Preventable • No Symptoms of Prostate Cancer Early Onset • Rarely causes noticeable symptoms, more occur over time • Urinary abnormalities • Erectile dysfunction • Urine color changes (pinkish-reddish hue) Modifiable Factors for Prostate Cancer Factors • Man's diet, habits, physical activity, and other factors have on the carcinogenesis of prostate cancer Causes of Prostatitis Causes • E. Coli Tertiary Prevention for Male Breast Cancer Strategies • Treating male breast cancer with hormonal therapy Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Breast Description • On the outside, men have nipples and areolae • Internally, they have undeveloped milk ducts and no glandular tissue