TOX EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Toxicology - Answers -harmful of advrse effects on living organisms
toxicologist - Answers -one who studies toxicology
poison - Answers -any agent of causing harm in response to biological system
toxicant - Answers -produced by or by products
toxin - Answers -toxic substance produced my natural system (plant, animal, fungi,
bacteria)
xenobiotic - Answers -foreign chemical- manufactured/ natural
target organ - Answers -organ most affected by toxin
what determines toxicity of an agent - Answers --dose
-if agent reaches target organ
are all toxic substances created equal - Answers -no some require small doses to have
big effect some require more.
Mechanistic Toxicology - Answers -An area of focus in toxicology concerned with
determining why (or how) agents causes a toxic response
descriptive toxicology - Answers -test agent- animal testing- toxicity
Regulatory toxicologist - Answers -uses both to make safety guidelines
, what kind of effects can be seen - Answers -birth defects
allergies
cancer
death
mutations
LD50 - Answers -is the dose that will produce death in 50% of the population
(doesn't give full spectrum of toxicity, just Lethality)
natural toxins - Answers -tetrodotoxin and botulinum toxin
main exposure routes - Answers -Ingestion, inhalation, dermal (skin)(biggest barrier,
most layers)
other routes of administration - Answers -IV-vein
IM-intramuscular
IP-into gut
ADBE - Answers -absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion
ADME - Answers -absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
acute exposure - Answers -less than 24 hours
Sub-acute - Answers -one month or less
sub-chronic exposure - Answers -exposure for 1-3 months
chronic exposure - Answers -exposure for more than three months
there is a relationship between elimination rate vs frequency of exposure - Answers -
shorter elimination rate , harder to to get into toxic ragnge
longer elimination rate, easily Get into toxic range
idiosyncratic reaction - Answers -an unexpected reaction specific to the individual
Hapten - Answers -small chemical entity bind to things in body that starts allergic
reaction Ex. Urushiol - binds to endogenous protein, t-cell recognize - next Time you
touch response via T cell
Local vs. Systemic toxicity - Answers -general site of action, affects distant organ
ex. tetraethyl lead- cause skin irritation(local) as well as central nervous toxicity (distant)
additive effect - Answers -(2+2=4) combined effect of 2 chemicals is equal to the sum of
effects given alone
STUDY GUIDE
Toxicology - Answers -harmful of advrse effects on living organisms
toxicologist - Answers -one who studies toxicology
poison - Answers -any agent of causing harm in response to biological system
toxicant - Answers -produced by or by products
toxin - Answers -toxic substance produced my natural system (plant, animal, fungi,
bacteria)
xenobiotic - Answers -foreign chemical- manufactured/ natural
target organ - Answers -organ most affected by toxin
what determines toxicity of an agent - Answers --dose
-if agent reaches target organ
are all toxic substances created equal - Answers -no some require small doses to have
big effect some require more.
Mechanistic Toxicology - Answers -An area of focus in toxicology concerned with
determining why (or how) agents causes a toxic response
descriptive toxicology - Answers -test agent- animal testing- toxicity
Regulatory toxicologist - Answers -uses both to make safety guidelines
, what kind of effects can be seen - Answers -birth defects
allergies
cancer
death
mutations
LD50 - Answers -is the dose that will produce death in 50% of the population
(doesn't give full spectrum of toxicity, just Lethality)
natural toxins - Answers -tetrodotoxin and botulinum toxin
main exposure routes - Answers -Ingestion, inhalation, dermal (skin)(biggest barrier,
most layers)
other routes of administration - Answers -IV-vein
IM-intramuscular
IP-into gut
ADBE - Answers -absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion
ADME - Answers -absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
acute exposure - Answers -less than 24 hours
Sub-acute - Answers -one month or less
sub-chronic exposure - Answers -exposure for 1-3 months
chronic exposure - Answers -exposure for more than three months
there is a relationship between elimination rate vs frequency of exposure - Answers -
shorter elimination rate , harder to to get into toxic ragnge
longer elimination rate, easily Get into toxic range
idiosyncratic reaction - Answers -an unexpected reaction specific to the individual
Hapten - Answers -small chemical entity bind to things in body that starts allergic
reaction Ex. Urushiol - binds to endogenous protein, t-cell recognize - next Time you
touch response via T cell
Local vs. Systemic toxicity - Answers -general site of action, affects distant organ
ex. tetraethyl lead- cause skin irritation(local) as well as central nervous toxicity (distant)
additive effect - Answers -(2+2=4) combined effect of 2 chemicals is equal to the sum of
effects given alone
