Test Bank for Porth's Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered
Health States 10th Edition By Tommie L. Norris
9781496377555 Chapter 1-52 Complete Guide
Besides dyspnea, what is the most common characteristic associated with pulmonary disease?
a. Chest pain c. Cough
b. Digit clubbing d. Hemoptysis - ANSWER: C
Pulmonary disease is associated with many signs and symptoms, and their specific characteristics
often help in identifying the underlying disorder. The most common
characteristics are dyspnea and cough. Others include abnormal sputum, hemoptysis, altered
breathing patterns, hypoventilation and hyperventilation, cyanosis, clubbing of the digits, and chest
pain.
Sitting up in a forward-leaning position generally relieves which breathing disorder?
a. Hyperpnea c. Apnea
b. Orthopnea d. Dyspnea - ANSWER: B
Of the options available, only orthopnea (SOB while laying flat) is generally relieved by sitting up in a
forwardleaning posture or supporting the upper body on several pillows.
Kussmaul respirations as a respiratory pattern may be associated with which characteristic(s)?
a. Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing
b. Pulmonary fibrosis
c. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
d. Slightly increased ventilatory rate, large
tidal volumes, and no expiratory pause - ANSWER: D
Kussmaul respirations are characterized by a slightly increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal
volume, and no expiratory pause. Kussmaul respirations are not associated
with any of the other options
(a deep and labored breathing)
Respirations that are characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing are a result
of which respiratory mechanism?
a. Decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongata
b. Increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), decreased pH, and decreased partial
pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)
c. Stimulation of stretch or J-receptors
d. Fatigue of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm - ANSWER: A
Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing are characteristic of Cheyne-Stokes respirations
and are the result of any condition that slows the blood flow to the brainstem, which in turn slows
impulses that send information to the respiratory centers of the brainstem.
With a total hemoglobin of 9 g/dl, how many grams per deciliter of hemoglobin must become
desaturated for cyanosis to occur?
a. 3 c. 7
b. 5 d. 9 - ANSWER: B
Cyanosis generally develops when 5 g/dl of hemoglobin is desaturated, regardless of
hemoglobin concentration.
Which statement is true regarding ventilation?
a. Hypoventilation causes hypocapnia.
b. Hyperventilation causes hypercapnia.
c. Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia.
d. Hyperventilation results in an increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide
, (PaCO2). - ANSWER: C
Hyperventilation is alveolar ventilation that exceeds metabolic demands. The lungs remove carbon
dioxide at a faster rate than produced by cellular metabolism, resulting in decreased PaCO2 or
hypocapnia.
What term is used to describe the selective bulbous enlargement of the distal segment of a digit that
is commonly associated with diseases that interfere with
oxygenation of the blood?
a. Edema c. Angling
b. Clubbing d. Osteoarthropathy - ANSWER: B
Clubbing is the selective bulbous enlargement of the end (distal segment) of a digit (finger or toe) (see
Figure 35-1) and is commonly associated with diseases that interfere
with oxygenation, such as bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, lung abscess, and
congenital heart disease.
Pulmonary edema and pulmonary fibrosis cause hypoxemia by which mechanism?
a. Creating alveolar dead space
b. Decreasing the oxygen in inspired gas
c. Creating a right-to-left shunt
d. Impairing alveolocapillary membrane diffusion - ANSWER: ANS: D
Diffusion of oxygen through the alveolocapillary membrane is impaired if the alveolocapillary
membrane is thickened or if the surface area available for diffusion is
decreased. Abnormal thickness, as occurs with edema (tissue swelling) and fibrosis (formation of
fibrous lesions), increases the time required for diffusion across the
alveolocapillary membrane.
High altitudes may produce hypoxemia through which mechanism?
a. Shunting c. Decreased inspired oxygen
b. Hypoventilation d. Diffusion abnormalities - ANSWER: C
The presence of adequate oxygen content of the inspired air is the first factor. Oxygen
content is lessened at high altitudes.
Which condition is capable of producing alveolar dead space?
a. Pulmonary edema c. Atelectasis
b. Pulmonary emboli d. Pneumonia - ANSWER: B
A pulmonary embolus that impairs blood flow to a segment of the lung results in an area where
alveoli are ventilated but not perfused, which causes alveolar dead space.
What is the most common cause of pulmonary edema?
a. Right-sided heart failure
b. Left-sided heart failure
c. Mitral valve prolapse
d.Aortic stenosis - ANSWER: B
The most common cause of pulmonary edema is heart disease. When the left ventricle fails, filling
pressures on the left side of the heart increase and cause a concomitant
increase in pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure.
Pulmonary edema usually begins to develop at a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or left atrial
pressure of how many millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)?
a. 10 c. 30
b. 20 d. 40 - ANSWER: B
Pulmonary edema usually begins to develop at a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or left atrial
pressure of 20 mm Hg.
The collapse of lung tissue caused by the lack of collateral ventilation through the pores of Kohn is
referred to as what type of atelectasis?
a. Compression c. Absorption
Health States 10th Edition By Tommie L. Norris
9781496377555 Chapter 1-52 Complete Guide
Besides dyspnea, what is the most common characteristic associated with pulmonary disease?
a. Chest pain c. Cough
b. Digit clubbing d. Hemoptysis - ANSWER: C
Pulmonary disease is associated with many signs and symptoms, and their specific characteristics
often help in identifying the underlying disorder. The most common
characteristics are dyspnea and cough. Others include abnormal sputum, hemoptysis, altered
breathing patterns, hypoventilation and hyperventilation, cyanosis, clubbing of the digits, and chest
pain.
Sitting up in a forward-leaning position generally relieves which breathing disorder?
a. Hyperpnea c. Apnea
b. Orthopnea d. Dyspnea - ANSWER: B
Of the options available, only orthopnea (SOB while laying flat) is generally relieved by sitting up in a
forwardleaning posture or supporting the upper body on several pillows.
Kussmaul respirations as a respiratory pattern may be associated with which characteristic(s)?
a. Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing
b. Pulmonary fibrosis
c. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
d. Slightly increased ventilatory rate, large
tidal volumes, and no expiratory pause - ANSWER: D
Kussmaul respirations are characterized by a slightly increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal
volume, and no expiratory pause. Kussmaul respirations are not associated
with any of the other options
(a deep and labored breathing)
Respirations that are characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing are a result
of which respiratory mechanism?
a. Decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongata
b. Increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), decreased pH, and decreased partial
pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)
c. Stimulation of stretch or J-receptors
d. Fatigue of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm - ANSWER: A
Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing are characteristic of Cheyne-Stokes respirations
and are the result of any condition that slows the blood flow to the brainstem, which in turn slows
impulses that send information to the respiratory centers of the brainstem.
With a total hemoglobin of 9 g/dl, how many grams per deciliter of hemoglobin must become
desaturated for cyanosis to occur?
a. 3 c. 7
b. 5 d. 9 - ANSWER: B
Cyanosis generally develops when 5 g/dl of hemoglobin is desaturated, regardless of
hemoglobin concentration.
Which statement is true regarding ventilation?
a. Hypoventilation causes hypocapnia.
b. Hyperventilation causes hypercapnia.
c. Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia.
d. Hyperventilation results in an increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide
, (PaCO2). - ANSWER: C
Hyperventilation is alveolar ventilation that exceeds metabolic demands. The lungs remove carbon
dioxide at a faster rate than produced by cellular metabolism, resulting in decreased PaCO2 or
hypocapnia.
What term is used to describe the selective bulbous enlargement of the distal segment of a digit that
is commonly associated with diseases that interfere with
oxygenation of the blood?
a. Edema c. Angling
b. Clubbing d. Osteoarthropathy - ANSWER: B
Clubbing is the selective bulbous enlargement of the end (distal segment) of a digit (finger or toe) (see
Figure 35-1) and is commonly associated with diseases that interfere
with oxygenation, such as bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, lung abscess, and
congenital heart disease.
Pulmonary edema and pulmonary fibrosis cause hypoxemia by which mechanism?
a. Creating alveolar dead space
b. Decreasing the oxygen in inspired gas
c. Creating a right-to-left shunt
d. Impairing alveolocapillary membrane diffusion - ANSWER: ANS: D
Diffusion of oxygen through the alveolocapillary membrane is impaired if the alveolocapillary
membrane is thickened or if the surface area available for diffusion is
decreased. Abnormal thickness, as occurs with edema (tissue swelling) and fibrosis (formation of
fibrous lesions), increases the time required for diffusion across the
alveolocapillary membrane.
High altitudes may produce hypoxemia through which mechanism?
a. Shunting c. Decreased inspired oxygen
b. Hypoventilation d. Diffusion abnormalities - ANSWER: C
The presence of adequate oxygen content of the inspired air is the first factor. Oxygen
content is lessened at high altitudes.
Which condition is capable of producing alveolar dead space?
a. Pulmonary edema c. Atelectasis
b. Pulmonary emboli d. Pneumonia - ANSWER: B
A pulmonary embolus that impairs blood flow to a segment of the lung results in an area where
alveoli are ventilated but not perfused, which causes alveolar dead space.
What is the most common cause of pulmonary edema?
a. Right-sided heart failure
b. Left-sided heart failure
c. Mitral valve prolapse
d.Aortic stenosis - ANSWER: B
The most common cause of pulmonary edema is heart disease. When the left ventricle fails, filling
pressures on the left side of the heart increase and cause a concomitant
increase in pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure.
Pulmonary edema usually begins to develop at a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or left atrial
pressure of how many millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)?
a. 10 c. 30
b. 20 d. 40 - ANSWER: B
Pulmonary edema usually begins to develop at a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or left atrial
pressure of 20 mm Hg.
The collapse of lung tissue caused by the lack of collateral ventilation through the pores of Kohn is
referred to as what type of atelectasis?
a. Compression c. Absorption
