RADIOGRAPHIC POSITIONING
AP rotational projections of the proximal humerus or shoulder girdle delineate well
the scapulohumeral joint revealing - Answer- possible calcium deposits or other
pathology
on external, internal, and neutral rotations of the proximal humerus or shoulder girdle
the location and shapes of the greater tubercle, and less tubercle must be - Answer-
noted
the external rotation position represents a - Answer- true AP projection of the
humerus in the anatomic position, as determined by the epicondyles of the distal
humerus
positioning of the humerus in an AP external rotation requires - Answer- supination
of the hand and esternal rotation of the elbow so that the interepicondylar line is
parallel to the IR
on a radiograph of an external rotation of the humerus, the greater trochanter, which
is located anteriorly in a neutral position, is now seen - Answer- laterally in profile
on a radiograph of an external rotation of the humerus, the lesser tubercle is now
located - Answer- anteriorly just medial to the greater tubercle
for the internal rotation of the humerus, the hand and arm are rotated - Answer-
internally until the epicondyles of the distal humerus are perpendicular to the IR,
which places the humerus in a true lateral position
in order to place the epicondyles perpendicular to the IR for an internal rotation of the
humerus, the hand must be - Answer- pronated and the elbow should be adjusted
the AP projection of the shoulder taken in the internal rotation position is a lateral
position of the proximal humerus in which the greater tubercle is now - Answer-
rotated around to the anterior and medial aspect of the proximal humerus and the
lesser tubercle is seen in profile medially
neutral rotation of the humerus is appropriate for a trauma patient when rotation is of
the part is - Answer- unacceptable
in a neutral rotation of the humerus, the epicondyles of the distal humerus appear at
an - Answer- approximate 45 degree angle to the IR
a 45 degree oblique position of the humerus results when the palm of the hand is
facing - Answer- inward toward the thigh
the neutral position of the humerus is approximately midway between the - Answer-
external and internal positions and places the greater tubercle anteriorly but still
lateral to the lesser tubercle
, depending on part thickness, the humerus can be exposed with or without a -
Answer- grid
grids are generally used when the humerus is performed - Answer- erect with the
use of a bucky
adult shoulders generally measure 10 to 15 cm, the use of a grid is - Answer-
required
shoulders of children and thin, asthenic adults may measure less than 10 cm,
requiring exposure factor adjustments without the use of a - Answer- grid
acromioclavicular (AC) joints generally also measure less than 10 cm and require
less - Answer- kv (60 to 70 kv) without grids but depends on department protocol
grids are often used for AC joints to reduce - Answer- scatter radiation, but the use of
a grid results in a added dose to the patient caused by the required increase in
exposure factors
the kv range for a humerus and shoulder of an average adult is - Answer- medium
kv, 65 to 80 on analog systems and 70 to 90 on digital systems with rid for shoulder
thickness more than 10 cm
the kv range for a humerus and shoulder of an average adult without a grid -
Answer- 70 to 75
an average adult humerus and shoulder requires a higher mA with short - Answer-
exposure times
an average adult humerus and shoulder requires a small - Answer- focal spot
an average adult humerus and shoulder, center cell for automatic exposure control
(AEC) if used for the - Answer- shoulder but manual techniques may be
recommended with certain projections like the humerus and AC joints
an average adult humerus and shoulder requires an adequate mAs for sufficient -
Answer- density (brightness) for visualization of soft tissues, bone margins, and
trabecular markings of all bones
an average adult humerus and shoulder requires an SID of - Answer- 40 to 44
inches (102 to 110 cm) except for AC joints which requires and SID of 72 inches
(183 cm) for less beam divergence
the use of a boomerang filter for AP projections of the shoulder and scapula permits
both - Answer- soft tissues and bony anatomy to be demonstrated clearly
the use of a boomerang filter for AP projections of the shoulder and scapula is
effective in demonstrating the - Answer- acromion and AC joint region while allowing
for optimal visualization of the denser shoulder joint region
AP rotational projections of the proximal humerus or shoulder girdle delineate well
the scapulohumeral joint revealing - Answer- possible calcium deposits or other
pathology
on external, internal, and neutral rotations of the proximal humerus or shoulder girdle
the location and shapes of the greater tubercle, and less tubercle must be - Answer-
noted
the external rotation position represents a - Answer- true AP projection of the
humerus in the anatomic position, as determined by the epicondyles of the distal
humerus
positioning of the humerus in an AP external rotation requires - Answer- supination
of the hand and esternal rotation of the elbow so that the interepicondylar line is
parallel to the IR
on a radiograph of an external rotation of the humerus, the greater trochanter, which
is located anteriorly in a neutral position, is now seen - Answer- laterally in profile
on a radiograph of an external rotation of the humerus, the lesser tubercle is now
located - Answer- anteriorly just medial to the greater tubercle
for the internal rotation of the humerus, the hand and arm are rotated - Answer-
internally until the epicondyles of the distal humerus are perpendicular to the IR,
which places the humerus in a true lateral position
in order to place the epicondyles perpendicular to the IR for an internal rotation of the
humerus, the hand must be - Answer- pronated and the elbow should be adjusted
the AP projection of the shoulder taken in the internal rotation position is a lateral
position of the proximal humerus in which the greater tubercle is now - Answer-
rotated around to the anterior and medial aspect of the proximal humerus and the
lesser tubercle is seen in profile medially
neutral rotation of the humerus is appropriate for a trauma patient when rotation is of
the part is - Answer- unacceptable
in a neutral rotation of the humerus, the epicondyles of the distal humerus appear at
an - Answer- approximate 45 degree angle to the IR
a 45 degree oblique position of the humerus results when the palm of the hand is
facing - Answer- inward toward the thigh
the neutral position of the humerus is approximately midway between the - Answer-
external and internal positions and places the greater tubercle anteriorly but still
lateral to the lesser tubercle
, depending on part thickness, the humerus can be exposed with or without a -
Answer- grid
grids are generally used when the humerus is performed - Answer- erect with the
use of a bucky
adult shoulders generally measure 10 to 15 cm, the use of a grid is - Answer-
required
shoulders of children and thin, asthenic adults may measure less than 10 cm,
requiring exposure factor adjustments without the use of a - Answer- grid
acromioclavicular (AC) joints generally also measure less than 10 cm and require
less - Answer- kv (60 to 70 kv) without grids but depends on department protocol
grids are often used for AC joints to reduce - Answer- scatter radiation, but the use of
a grid results in a added dose to the patient caused by the required increase in
exposure factors
the kv range for a humerus and shoulder of an average adult is - Answer- medium
kv, 65 to 80 on analog systems and 70 to 90 on digital systems with rid for shoulder
thickness more than 10 cm
the kv range for a humerus and shoulder of an average adult without a grid -
Answer- 70 to 75
an average adult humerus and shoulder requires a higher mA with short - Answer-
exposure times
an average adult humerus and shoulder requires a small - Answer- focal spot
an average adult humerus and shoulder, center cell for automatic exposure control
(AEC) if used for the - Answer- shoulder but manual techniques may be
recommended with certain projections like the humerus and AC joints
an average adult humerus and shoulder requires an adequate mAs for sufficient -
Answer- density (brightness) for visualization of soft tissues, bone margins, and
trabecular markings of all bones
an average adult humerus and shoulder requires an SID of - Answer- 40 to 44
inches (102 to 110 cm) except for AC joints which requires and SID of 72 inches
(183 cm) for less beam divergence
the use of a boomerang filter for AP projections of the shoulder and scapula permits
both - Answer- soft tissues and bony anatomy to be demonstrated clearly
the use of a boomerang filter for AP projections of the shoulder and scapula is
effective in demonstrating the - Answer- acromion and AC joint region while allowing
for optimal visualization of the denser shoulder joint region
