HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND
LEARNING EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
research methods - ANSWER Experimental group—the subjects in an experiment who are subjected to
the independent variable.
Control group—the subjects who are not subjected to the independent variable.
Independent variable—the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.
Dependent variable—the variable that is measured and changes because of the effect of the
independent variable.
lifespan development ( theoretical perspectives ) - ANSWER Physical development—the body's physical
makeup.
Cognitive development—growth and change in intellectual capabilities that influence a person's
behavior.
Personality development—how enduring characteristics differentiate one person from another change
over the lifespan.
Social development—how individual's interactions with others and their social relationships change over
the lifespan.
human development - ANSWER Psychodynamic—behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces,
stemming from childhood over which we have little control. (Freud, Erikson)
Behavioral—development is understood through studying observable behavior and environmental
stimuli. (Watson, Skinner, Bandura)
Cognitive—focuses on how changes/growth in the way people know, understand, and think about the
world affect behavior. (Piaget)
Humanistic—behavior is chosen through free will and motivated by our natural capacity to strive to
reach our full potential. (Rogers, Maslow)
Contextual—views development in terms of interrelationship of a person's physical, cognitive,
personality, and social worlds. (Vygotsky)
Evolutionary—behavior results from our ancestors; survival of the fittest and natural selection.
Conception - ANSWER The sex of the child is determined by the male's sperm cells.
Causes for multiple births are: maternal age (older mother), fertility drugs and procedures.
, Aging Issues - ANSWER Menopause begins (usually) when a female reaches her late 40s or early 50s.
Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones become brittle, fragile and thin because the body lacks
physical exercise and calcium.
Primary aging is "natural," while secondary aging is a result of health choices made during one's lifetime.
The average age for first marriages for both men and women is NOT decreasing.
life-span studies - ANSWER Longitudinal study- is a research design that involves repeated observations
of the same variables (e.g., people) over short or long periods of time (i.e., uses longitudinal data).
Cross-sectional study- is a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a
representative subset, at a specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data.
Survey study- method for collecting information or data as reported by individuals
Correlational study- research design where a researcher seeks to understand what kind of relationships
naturally occurring variables have with one another. In simple terms, correlational research seeks to
figure out if two or more variables are related and, if so, in what way- no cause and effect
Experimental study- Experimental studies can provide the strongest evidence about the existence of a
cause-effect relationship
Experimental - ANSWER independent Variable-An independent variable is defines as the variable that is
changed or controlled in a scientific experiment. ... Independent variables are the variables that the
experimenter changes to test their dependent variable. A change in the independent variable directly
causes a change in the dependent variable
dependent variable- The dependent variable (sometimes known as the responding variable) is what is
being studied and measured in the experiment. ... An example of a dependent variable is how tall you
are at different ages. The dependent variable (height) depends on the independent variable (age)
Experimental groups- An experimental group (sometimes called a treatment group) is a group that
receives a treatment in an experiment. The "group" is made up of test subjects (people, animals, plants,
cells etc.) and the "treatment" is the variable you are studying
Control group- The control group is defined as the group in an experiment or study that does not receive
treatment by the researchers and is then used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects
do
Life-span Studies - ANSWER Case study- A case study is an in-depth study of one person, group, or event.
Much of Freud's work and theories were developed through the use of individual
case studies.
Causes of abnormal prenatal development - ANSWER Alcohol causes fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
HIV/AIDS is passed to infant via breast milk, during birth, and across the placenta.
LEARNING EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
research methods - ANSWER Experimental group—the subjects in an experiment who are subjected to
the independent variable.
Control group—the subjects who are not subjected to the independent variable.
Independent variable—the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.
Dependent variable—the variable that is measured and changes because of the effect of the
independent variable.
lifespan development ( theoretical perspectives ) - ANSWER Physical development—the body's physical
makeup.
Cognitive development—growth and change in intellectual capabilities that influence a person's
behavior.
Personality development—how enduring characteristics differentiate one person from another change
over the lifespan.
Social development—how individual's interactions with others and their social relationships change over
the lifespan.
human development - ANSWER Psychodynamic—behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces,
stemming from childhood over which we have little control. (Freud, Erikson)
Behavioral—development is understood through studying observable behavior and environmental
stimuli. (Watson, Skinner, Bandura)
Cognitive—focuses on how changes/growth in the way people know, understand, and think about the
world affect behavior. (Piaget)
Humanistic—behavior is chosen through free will and motivated by our natural capacity to strive to
reach our full potential. (Rogers, Maslow)
Contextual—views development in terms of interrelationship of a person's physical, cognitive,
personality, and social worlds. (Vygotsky)
Evolutionary—behavior results from our ancestors; survival of the fittest and natural selection.
Conception - ANSWER The sex of the child is determined by the male's sperm cells.
Causes for multiple births are: maternal age (older mother), fertility drugs and procedures.
, Aging Issues - ANSWER Menopause begins (usually) when a female reaches her late 40s or early 50s.
Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones become brittle, fragile and thin because the body lacks
physical exercise and calcium.
Primary aging is "natural," while secondary aging is a result of health choices made during one's lifetime.
The average age for first marriages for both men and women is NOT decreasing.
life-span studies - ANSWER Longitudinal study- is a research design that involves repeated observations
of the same variables (e.g., people) over short or long periods of time (i.e., uses longitudinal data).
Cross-sectional study- is a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a
representative subset, at a specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data.
Survey study- method for collecting information or data as reported by individuals
Correlational study- research design where a researcher seeks to understand what kind of relationships
naturally occurring variables have with one another. In simple terms, correlational research seeks to
figure out if two or more variables are related and, if so, in what way- no cause and effect
Experimental study- Experimental studies can provide the strongest evidence about the existence of a
cause-effect relationship
Experimental - ANSWER independent Variable-An independent variable is defines as the variable that is
changed or controlled in a scientific experiment. ... Independent variables are the variables that the
experimenter changes to test their dependent variable. A change in the independent variable directly
causes a change in the dependent variable
dependent variable- The dependent variable (sometimes known as the responding variable) is what is
being studied and measured in the experiment. ... An example of a dependent variable is how tall you
are at different ages. The dependent variable (height) depends on the independent variable (age)
Experimental groups- An experimental group (sometimes called a treatment group) is a group that
receives a treatment in an experiment. The "group" is made up of test subjects (people, animals, plants,
cells etc.) and the "treatment" is the variable you are studying
Control group- The control group is defined as the group in an experiment or study that does not receive
treatment by the researchers and is then used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects
do
Life-span Studies - ANSWER Case study- A case study is an in-depth study of one person, group, or event.
Much of Freud's work and theories were developed through the use of individual
case studies.
Causes of abnormal prenatal development - ANSWER Alcohol causes fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
HIV/AIDS is passed to infant via breast milk, during birth, and across the placenta.
