hcmg exam 2
cfcr47
1. health diferences lack of food
by income lack health insurance
poverty causes stress
2. life expecatancy less education, lower life expecanqcy
and education
3. mechanisms that soceieconomic status
could be generting peer effects
health jealth care delivery
local environment
public policy
4. key features of en- weather
vormental quality tempreture
pillution levels
5. Why is measuring Basic science often not very informative (low level ex-
the health effects posure)
of pollution a hard-
problem? Proximity not equal to exposure, but measuring expo-
sure verycostly
Effects may be non-linear, or interactive•(eg. smok-
ing*air pollution)
•May take a long time for effects to manifest (or there
may be"harvesting" of those already ill
Many areas that live in areas with higher levels of
pollutants also worse off in other ways that may affect
health• Eg. Lower income, worse health care access,
worse nutrition
6. to come up with people choose locations andexposures; more polluted
strategy to iso- areas are typically cheaper to live
late effect ofpollu-
tion on health re-
searches have to
adress what issues
, hcmg exam 2
cfcr47
7. When look at ef- infants or the elderly
fect of pollution on
health, what pop-
ulationsshould we
focus on?
8. Why do Most stud- Infants: exposure period (relatively) well defined•
ies focus on infants
or the elderly Infants and elderly: well defined health outcomes that
are common enough to measure (eg. birth weight, mor-
tality)
•Fewer measures on other ages, but lack of casual
estimate doesn't mean no effect
9. air pollution effect Mortality
on elderly
10. how is air pollution wind direction
effect on elderly
11. what did they find 1 microgram per cubic meter (¼ g/m3) (H10% of mean)in-
for the air pollu- crease in PM 2.5 exposure for one day causes 0.69
tions effect on el- additionaldeaths per million elderly over three-day win-
derly dow
12. PM 2.5 an air pollutant that is a concern for people's health
when levels in air are high.
13. what does increas- more ER visits,hospitalizations, higher inpatient spend-
es in PM 2.5 lead to ing
14. mortality effects in Mortality effects concentrated in H25% of elderly popu-
the elderly popula- lation
tion Individuals with low levels of life expectancy are the
mostvulnerable
15. Air pollution and birth weight, mortality, incidence of asthma
health infants and
children outcome
, hcmg exam 2
cfcr47
16. what caused health Car pollution from diesel emission cheating scandal
outcomes in in-
fants
17. where and why is in Europe—favorable regulation and taxes stemming
diesel popularized from commitments in Kyoto Protocol
18. Kyoto Protocol (2005) international treaty controlling global warming
by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for devel-
oped countries
19. VW innovation in diesel engine meeting U.S. standardswhile maintaining
2006: all benefits
20. what are VW diesel Green Car of the Year
models voted as in
2009 and 2010
21. what does the EPA EPA finds cheating device switched on during tests•
find in 2015 VW's 'clean diesels' pollute up to 4,000% above legal
limit
22. what did the cheat- 38,611 extra LBW infants
ing cars cause
23. epa Environmental Protection Agency.
24. what might health relatively distortive policies, such as diesel bans
improvemens justi-
fy
25. what did vw do in paid $25bn+, mostly to government and car owners
response
26. Early exposure to future negative cognitive andnon-cognitive outcomes
lead causes
27. since disadvan- disparities in education
taged kids have
cfcr47
1. health diferences lack of food
by income lack health insurance
poverty causes stress
2. life expecatancy less education, lower life expecanqcy
and education
3. mechanisms that soceieconomic status
could be generting peer effects
health jealth care delivery
local environment
public policy
4. key features of en- weather
vormental quality tempreture
pillution levels
5. Why is measuring Basic science often not very informative (low level ex-
the health effects posure)
of pollution a hard-
problem? Proximity not equal to exposure, but measuring expo-
sure verycostly
Effects may be non-linear, or interactive•(eg. smok-
ing*air pollution)
•May take a long time for effects to manifest (or there
may be"harvesting" of those already ill
Many areas that live in areas with higher levels of
pollutants also worse off in other ways that may affect
health• Eg. Lower income, worse health care access,
worse nutrition
6. to come up with people choose locations andexposures; more polluted
strategy to iso- areas are typically cheaper to live
late effect ofpollu-
tion on health re-
searches have to
adress what issues
, hcmg exam 2
cfcr47
7. When look at ef- infants or the elderly
fect of pollution on
health, what pop-
ulationsshould we
focus on?
8. Why do Most stud- Infants: exposure period (relatively) well defined•
ies focus on infants
or the elderly Infants and elderly: well defined health outcomes that
are common enough to measure (eg. birth weight, mor-
tality)
•Fewer measures on other ages, but lack of casual
estimate doesn't mean no effect
9. air pollution effect Mortality
on elderly
10. how is air pollution wind direction
effect on elderly
11. what did they find 1 microgram per cubic meter (¼ g/m3) (H10% of mean)in-
for the air pollu- crease in PM 2.5 exposure for one day causes 0.69
tions effect on el- additionaldeaths per million elderly over three-day win-
derly dow
12. PM 2.5 an air pollutant that is a concern for people's health
when levels in air are high.
13. what does increas- more ER visits,hospitalizations, higher inpatient spend-
es in PM 2.5 lead to ing
14. mortality effects in Mortality effects concentrated in H25% of elderly popu-
the elderly popula- lation
tion Individuals with low levels of life expectancy are the
mostvulnerable
15. Air pollution and birth weight, mortality, incidence of asthma
health infants and
children outcome
, hcmg exam 2
cfcr47
16. what caused health Car pollution from diesel emission cheating scandal
outcomes in in-
fants
17. where and why is in Europe—favorable regulation and taxes stemming
diesel popularized from commitments in Kyoto Protocol
18. Kyoto Protocol (2005) international treaty controlling global warming
by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for devel-
oped countries
19. VW innovation in diesel engine meeting U.S. standardswhile maintaining
2006: all benefits
20. what are VW diesel Green Car of the Year
models voted as in
2009 and 2010
21. what does the EPA EPA finds cheating device switched on during tests•
find in 2015 VW's 'clean diesels' pollute up to 4,000% above legal
limit
22. what did the cheat- 38,611 extra LBW infants
ing cars cause
23. epa Environmental Protection Agency.
24. what might health relatively distortive policies, such as diesel bans
improvemens justi-
fy
25. what did vw do in paid $25bn+, mostly to government and car owners
response
26. Early exposure to future negative cognitive andnon-cognitive outcomes
lead causes
27. since disadvan- disparities in education
taged kids have
