COMD 5070 exam 2 study guide

COMD 5070 exam 2 study guide 1. What is another name for volume velocity? ️ Air flow (This term refers to the amount of air moving through a given area in a specific time period.) 2. How do you calculate the average air flow (volume velocity)? ️ Volume/time (Air flow is typically expressed in cubic centimeters per second (cc/s) or liters per minute (L/min).) 3. What is a u-tube manometer? ️ A tube in the shape of a 'U' that is used to measure pressure and can be used to calibrate electronic equipment to measure pressure. (It utilizes the fluid displacement in the arms of the U-shaped tube to show pressure differences.) 4. How does a u-tube manometer work? ️ Pressure will displace the water and the displacement can then be measured by measuring the difference in height. (This height difference correlates to the pressure being measured.) 5. What is a u-tube manometer best used for? ️ Calibrations of equipment and measuring static pressure (It is particularly useful in low-pressure measurements.) 6. What are the limitations of a manometer? ️ Measuring speech production where the pressure goes up and down rapidly. (Manometers may not respond quickly enough to dynamic changes in pressure associated with speech.) 7. How do the rib cage and abdomen move as we speak? ️ - Inhale: rib cage and abdomen expand ️ - Exhale: rib cage and abdomen contract (This movement is part of the respiratory cycle that aids speech production.) 8. What is subglottal pressure? ️ Pressure that the lungs provide that goes up the trachea to the larynx. (It’s crucial for phonation as it affects vocal fold vibration.) 9. What is subglottal pressure abbreviated as? ️ - Pₛ (P subscript s) ️ - P subscript sub (Standard notation to denote subglottal pressure in scientific literature.) 10. Where is subglottal pressure measured? ️ Directly below the larynx (This location provides the most accurate reflection of the pressure affecting vocal fold vibration.) 11. How much subglottal pressure is enough for speaking? ️ Normal speech: 5-7 cmH₂O ️ Very loud speech: 15-20 cmH₂O (These values indicate the range needed for effective phonation.) 12. What is phonation threshold pressure? ️ The pressure needed from the lungs to just get the vocal folds to oscillate to produce the softest voice. (This is the minimum pressure required to initiate vocal fold vibration.) 13. What influences phonation threshold pressure? ️ - Dehydration ️ - Vocal fatigue (Both factors can change the physical properties of the vocal folds, thus affecting the pressure needed for phonation.) 14. How does dehydration influence phonation threshold pressure? ️ If vocal folds are dried out, they are less flexible and require an increase in the amount of pressure needed to make them move. (Dehydrated folds are stiffer and do not vibrate as easily.) 15. How does vocal fatigue influence phonation threshold pressure? ️ Vocal folds become slightly swollen, which requires more pressure to get them to oscillate. (Swelling can add mass to the vocal folds, affecting their function.) 16. What influences phonation threshold pressure in clinical voice disorders? ️ - Folds are looser for easy onsets (less pressure needed) ️ - Folds are stiffer for harsh onsets (more pressure is needed) ️ - Phonation threshold pressure will be higher for abrupt starts ️ - Vocal fold lesions increase mass of vocal folds ️ - PTP is higher in many pathologies (These factors all alter how much pressure is needed for phonation.) 17. T or F: Many lesions stiffen the mucosa lining of the vocal folds. ️ True (Lesions can create stiffness and irregularities in the vocal fold tissue, impacting their vibration.) 18. Pressure, flow, and resistance equation: ️ Pressure = flow × resistance ️ Resistance = pressure/flow (These relations dictate how air pressure and flow interact through a resistive medium, relevant in respiratory physiology.) 19. T or F: You can measure Psub and estimate Flow. ️ False; you can estimate Psub and measure flow. (Typically, flow is measured directly via flowmeters, while Psub can be estimated based on other criteria.) 20. What will the oral air pressure be like when producing a vowel? ️ The same as atmospheric pressure around the person's head. (During vowel production, oral pressure typically stabilizes to equal atmospheric pressure, contributing to resonance.) If measuring pressure on lung side of a fricative constriction /s/ what would pressure be like? ️much higher than atmospheric pressure. If you were to produce a stop consonant, like a /t/ or a /d/, pressure would be hi