PSYCH 1111 TRU Final Exam Questions With Answers Graded A+ Assured Success

principle of falsifiability - The principle that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation; that is, the theory must predict not only what will happen but also what will not happen. phrenology - The now discredited theory that different brain areas account for specific character and personality traits, which can be "read" from bumps on the skull. structuralism - early psych approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate experiences into basic elements empirical - relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, or measurement psychology - the scientific study of behavior and mental processes psychobabble - Pseudoscience and quackery covered by a veneer of psychological and scientificsounding language critical thinking - The ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion or anecdote Occams Razor - The principle of choosing the solution that accounts for the most evidence while making the fewest unverified assumptions. functionalism - an early psychological approach that emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness psychoanalysis - Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions biological perspective - approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions feelings and thoughtsevolutionary psychology - emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior learning perspective - emphasizes how the environment and experience affect a person/animal actions behaviorism - emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment and prior experiences as determinant of behavior cognitive perspective - A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior socioculture perspective - perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture psychodynamic perspective - emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual energy humanist psychology - a psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential feminist psychology - a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes psychological practice - providing health or mental health services basic psychology - the study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its own sake rather than for its practical application applied psychology - The study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance; also, the application of psychological otherapist - psychoanalyst - a person who has obtained specialized training at a psychoanalysis institute psychiatrist - A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders theory - an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and interrelationships operational definition - A precise definition of a term in a hypothesis, which specifies the operations for observing and measuring the process or phenomenon being defined. confirmation bias - the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one's own belief representative sample - A group of individuals, selected from a population for study, which matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex. descriptive methods - methods that yield descriptions of behaviors but not necessarily casual explanations case study - a detailed description or particular individual being studied or treated observational study - a study in which the researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behavior without interfering with the behavior; it may involve either naturalistic or laboratory observation psychological tests - procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and valuesstandardize - to develop uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test norms - established standard of performance reliability - consistency of scores derived from one time and place to another validitiy - the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure surveys - Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions. volunteer bias - a shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers instead of a representative sample; the volunteers may differ from those who did not volunteer correlation study - a descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between two phenomena correlation - a measure of how strongly two variable are related to one another variables - characteristics of behavior or experience that can be measured or described by a numeric scale positive correlation - an association between increases in one variable and increases in anotheror between decreases in one and in another negative correlation - an association between increases in one variable and decreases in another coefficient of correlation - a measure of correlation that ranges in value from -1.00 to +1.00experiment - a controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another independent variable - variable that is manipulated