Web Accessibility Specialist (WAS) Cert
- Semantic Structure and Navigation
Exam Questions And Answers
First thing screen readers hear: - correct answer ✅Page <title> (also
this is good for SEO)
Page <title> rules: - correct answer ✅Page <title> must be present and
must contain text. Must be updated when the web address changes.
Must be accurate and informative. If a page is the result of a user action
or scripted change of context, the text of the <title> SHOULD describe
the result or change of context to the user. Should be concise. Should
be unique if possible. Unique information should come first. The page
<title> SHOULD match (or be very similar to) the top heading in the
main content.
The primary language of the page MUST be identified accurately on the
<html> element. - correct answer ✅If the language is not specified, or
if it the language designation is inaccurate, a screen reader will read the
document in the user's default language, which may result in a very bad
accent if the page language doesn't match the user's default. Or not
understandable.
The primary language of the page MUST be identified with a valid value
on the <html> element. - correct answer ✅Using 2 letter language
code or LCID string.
,Web Accessibility Specialist (WAS) Cert
- Semantic Structure and Navigation
Exam Questions And Answers
Inline language changes MUST be identified with a valid lang attribute. -
correct answer ✅Identify any changes of language within the
document. The lang attribute can be applied to block level elements
(<div>, <h1>, <p>, <table>, etc.) as well as inline elements (<span>, <a>,
<strong>, etc.).
Example:
<p>While in Spain, my friend tried to speak Spanish,
but she wasn't very good. Everyone kept saying
"<span lang="es">No comprendo nada de lo que
dices.</span>"</p>
Landmarks SHOULD be used to designate pre-defined parts of the
layout (<header>, <nav>, <main>, <footer>, etc.). - correct answer
✅Use either HTML 5 landmarks or their ARIA equivalents to mark
sections of the layout in the design, so that screen reader users can
easily find their way around the layout.
Landmarks are used to designate sections of the overall page design
and layout. Headings are used to designate sections within the content.
, Web Accessibility Specialist (WAS) Cert
- Semantic Structure and Navigation
Exam Questions And Answers
All text SHOULD be contained within a landmark region. - correct
answer ✅Labels for headers, mains, sections, articles, asides, footers,
etc. Using just <div> isn't enough.
Multiple instances of the same type of landmark SHOULD be
distinguishable by different discernible labels (aria-label or aria-
labelledby). - correct answer ✅Example: <nav aria-label="Corporate
and legal info">
A page SHOULD NOT contain more than one instance of each of the
following landmarks: banner, main, and contentinfo. - correct answer
✅The ARIA specification states that the landmarks role="banner",
role="main", and role="contentinfo" are meant to be used only once
per page. Other ARIA landmarks can be used multiple times.
Interestingly, the HMTL 5 specification allows multiple instances of the
equivalent landmarks: <header>, <main>, and <footer>. The official
restriction is only on ARIA landmarks. Even so, it is appropriate in most
web designs to have only one each of these landmarks, whether they
are specified using ARIA or HTML 5.
The total number of landmarks SHOULD be minimized to the extent
appropriate for the content. - correct answer ✅One of the main
purposes of landmarks is to allow blind users to quickly find and
navigate to the appropriate landmark, so you should keep the total
number of landmarks relatively low. If you don't, screen reader users
- Semantic Structure and Navigation
Exam Questions And Answers
First thing screen readers hear: - correct answer ✅Page <title> (also
this is good for SEO)
Page <title> rules: - correct answer ✅Page <title> must be present and
must contain text. Must be updated when the web address changes.
Must be accurate and informative. If a page is the result of a user action
or scripted change of context, the text of the <title> SHOULD describe
the result or change of context to the user. Should be concise. Should
be unique if possible. Unique information should come first. The page
<title> SHOULD match (or be very similar to) the top heading in the
main content.
The primary language of the page MUST be identified accurately on the
<html> element. - correct answer ✅If the language is not specified, or
if it the language designation is inaccurate, a screen reader will read the
document in the user's default language, which may result in a very bad
accent if the page language doesn't match the user's default. Or not
understandable.
The primary language of the page MUST be identified with a valid value
on the <html> element. - correct answer ✅Using 2 letter language
code or LCID string.
,Web Accessibility Specialist (WAS) Cert
- Semantic Structure and Navigation
Exam Questions And Answers
Inline language changes MUST be identified with a valid lang attribute. -
correct answer ✅Identify any changes of language within the
document. The lang attribute can be applied to block level elements
(<div>, <h1>, <p>, <table>, etc.) as well as inline elements (<span>, <a>,
<strong>, etc.).
Example:
<p>While in Spain, my friend tried to speak Spanish,
but she wasn't very good. Everyone kept saying
"<span lang="es">No comprendo nada de lo que
dices.</span>"</p>
Landmarks SHOULD be used to designate pre-defined parts of the
layout (<header>, <nav>, <main>, <footer>, etc.). - correct answer
✅Use either HTML 5 landmarks or their ARIA equivalents to mark
sections of the layout in the design, so that screen reader users can
easily find their way around the layout.
Landmarks are used to designate sections of the overall page design
and layout. Headings are used to designate sections within the content.
, Web Accessibility Specialist (WAS) Cert
- Semantic Structure and Navigation
Exam Questions And Answers
All text SHOULD be contained within a landmark region. - correct
answer ✅Labels for headers, mains, sections, articles, asides, footers,
etc. Using just <div> isn't enough.
Multiple instances of the same type of landmark SHOULD be
distinguishable by different discernible labels (aria-label or aria-
labelledby). - correct answer ✅Example: <nav aria-label="Corporate
and legal info">
A page SHOULD NOT contain more than one instance of each of the
following landmarks: banner, main, and contentinfo. - correct answer
✅The ARIA specification states that the landmarks role="banner",
role="main", and role="contentinfo" are meant to be used only once
per page. Other ARIA landmarks can be used multiple times.
Interestingly, the HMTL 5 specification allows multiple instances of the
equivalent landmarks: <header>, <main>, and <footer>. The official
restriction is only on ARIA landmarks. Even so, it is appropriate in most
web designs to have only one each of these landmarks, whether they
are specified using ARIA or HTML 5.
The total number of landmarks SHOULD be minimized to the extent
appropriate for the content. - correct answer ✅One of the main
purposes of landmarks is to allow blind users to quickly find and
navigate to the appropriate landmark, so you should keep the total
number of landmarks relatively low. If you don't, screen reader users
