INSTRUCTOR’S
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
JAMES LAPP
N
Colorado Mesa University
U
BIOSTATISTICS
R
FOR THE BIOLOGICAL
SE
AND HEALTH SCIENCES
SECOND EDITION
D
Marc Triola
New York University School of Medicine
O
Mario F. Triola
C
Dutchess Community College
Jason Roy
S
University of Pennsylvania Perelman
School of Medicine
, CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Introduction To Statistics
Section 1-1: Statistical and Critical Thinking ............................................................................1
Section 1-2: Types of Data........................................................................................................ 2
Section 1-3: Collecting Sample Data ........................................................................................ 3
Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................. 5
Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................... 5
Cumulative Review Exercises ...................................................................................................6
Chapter 2: Exploring Data with Tables and Graphs
N
Section 2-1: Frequency Distributions for Organizing and Summarizing Data ..........................7
Section 2-2: Histograms .......................................................................................................... 12
Section 2-3: Graphs That Enlighten and Graphs That Deceive .............................................. 14
U
Section 2-4: Scatterplots, Correlation, and Regression .......................................................... 17
Chapter Quick Quiz ................................................................................................................ 18
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................... 18
R
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................20
Chapter 3: Describing, Exploring, and Comparing Data
Section 3-1: Measures of Center ............................................................................................. 23
SE
Section 3-2: Measures of Variation ........................................................................................ 27
Section 3-3: Measures of Relative Standing and Boxplots ......................................................31
Chapter Quick Quiz ................................................................................................................ 34
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................... 35
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................35
Chapter 4: Probability
D
Section 4-1: Basic Concepts of Probability ............................................................................ 37
Section 4-2: Addition Rule and Multiplication Rule .............................................................. 38
Section 4-3: Complements, Conditional Probability, and Bayes’ Theorem ........................... 41
O
Section 4-4: Risks and Odds ................................................................................................... 42
Section 4-5: Rates of Mortality, Fertility, and Morbidity ........................................................44
Section 4-6: Counting ............................................................................................................. 46
C
Chapter Quick Quiz ................................................................................................................ 48
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................... 48
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................49
S
Chapter 5: Discrete Probability Distributions
Section 5-1: Probability Distributions..................................................................................... 51
Section 5-2: Binomial Probability Distributions..................................................................... 52
Section 5-3: Poisson Probability Distributions ........................................................................55
Chapter Quick Quiz ................................................................................................................ 57
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................... 58
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................59
,Chapter 6: Normal Probability Distributions
Section 6-1: The Standard Normal Distribution ..................................................................... 61
Section 6-2: Real Applications of Normal Distributions ........................................................ 62
Section 6-3: Sampling Distributions and Estimators ...............................................................65
Section 6-4: The Central Limit Theorem .................................................................................69
Section 6-5: Assessing Normality ........................................................................................... 72
Section 6-6: Normal as Approximation to Binomial ...............................................................75
Chapter Quick Quiz ................................................................................................................ 77
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................... 77
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................79
N
Chapter 7: Estimating Parameters and Determining Sample Sizes
Section 7-1: Estimating a Population Proportion. ................................................................... 81
Section 7-2: Estimating a Population Mean. ........................................................................... 85
U
Section 7-3: Estimating a Population Standard Deviation or Variance .................................. 89
Section 7-4: Bootstrapping: Using Technology for Estimates.................................................92
Chapter Quick Quiz ................................................................................................................ 94
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................... 94
R
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................96
Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing
SE
Section 8-1: Basics of Hypothesis Testing .............................................................................. 97
Section 8-2: Testing a Claim About a Proportion ................................................................... 99
Section 8-3: Testing a Claim About a Mean ..........................................................................104
Section 8-4: Testing a Claim About a Standard Deviation or Variance ............................... 108
Chapter Quick Quiz .............................................................................................................. 110
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................. 111
D
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................112
Chapter 9: Chapter 9: Inferences from Two Samples
Section 9-1: Two Proportions ............................................................................................... 115
O
Section 9-2: Two Means: Independent Samples ....................................................................124
Section 9-3: Two Dependent Samples (Matched Pairs) ....................................................... 130
Section 9-4: Two Variances or Standard Deviations ............................................................ 134
Chapter Quick Quiz .............................................................................................................. 136
C
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................. 137
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................138
Chapter 10: Correlation and Regression
S
Section 10-1: Correlation ...................................................................................................... 141
Section 10-2: Regression ...................................................................................................... 148
Section 10-3: Prediction Intervals and Variation ...................................................................156
Section 10-4: Multiple Regression. ....................................................................................... 159
Section 10-5: Dummy Variables and Logistic Regression ................................................... 161
Chapter Quick Quiz .............................................................................................................. 162
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................. 162
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................164
, Chapter 11: Goodness-of-Fit and Contingency Tables
Section 11-1: Goodness-of-Fit .............................................................................................. 167
Section 11-2: Contingency Tables .........................................................................................170
Chapter Quick Quiz .............................................................................................................. 174
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................. 175
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................176
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance
Section 12-1: One-Way ANOVA ......................................................................................... 177
Section 12-2: Two-Way ANOVA ......................................................................................... 178
Chapter Quick Quiz .............................................................................................................. 179
N
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................. 180
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................180
Chapter 13: Nonparametric Tests
U
Section 13-2: Sign Test ......................................................................................................... 183
Section 13-3: Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test for Matched Pairs .............................................184
Section 13-4: Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test for Two Independent samples ...............................185
R
Section 13-5: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Three or More Samples ............................................ 188
Section 13-6: Rank Correlation............................................................................................. 190
Chapter Quick Quiz .............................................................................................................. 191
SE
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................. 192
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................192
Chapter 14: Survival Analysis
Section 14-1: Life Tables ...................................................................................................... 195
Section 14-2: Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis..................................................................... 197
Chapter Quick Quiz .............................................................................................................. 198
D
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................. 199
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................200
O
C
S
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
JAMES LAPP
N
Colorado Mesa University
U
BIOSTATISTICS
R
FOR THE BIOLOGICAL
SE
AND HEALTH SCIENCES
SECOND EDITION
D
Marc Triola
New York University School of Medicine
O
Mario F. Triola
C
Dutchess Community College
Jason Roy
S
University of Pennsylvania Perelman
School of Medicine
, CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Introduction To Statistics
Section 1-1: Statistical and Critical Thinking ............................................................................1
Section 1-2: Types of Data........................................................................................................ 2
Section 1-3: Collecting Sample Data ........................................................................................ 3
Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................. 5
Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................... 5
Cumulative Review Exercises ...................................................................................................6
Chapter 2: Exploring Data with Tables and Graphs
N
Section 2-1: Frequency Distributions for Organizing and Summarizing Data ..........................7
Section 2-2: Histograms .......................................................................................................... 12
Section 2-3: Graphs That Enlighten and Graphs That Deceive .............................................. 14
U
Section 2-4: Scatterplots, Correlation, and Regression .......................................................... 17
Chapter Quick Quiz ................................................................................................................ 18
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................... 18
R
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................20
Chapter 3: Describing, Exploring, and Comparing Data
Section 3-1: Measures of Center ............................................................................................. 23
SE
Section 3-2: Measures of Variation ........................................................................................ 27
Section 3-3: Measures of Relative Standing and Boxplots ......................................................31
Chapter Quick Quiz ................................................................................................................ 34
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................... 35
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................35
Chapter 4: Probability
D
Section 4-1: Basic Concepts of Probability ............................................................................ 37
Section 4-2: Addition Rule and Multiplication Rule .............................................................. 38
Section 4-3: Complements, Conditional Probability, and Bayes’ Theorem ........................... 41
O
Section 4-4: Risks and Odds ................................................................................................... 42
Section 4-5: Rates of Mortality, Fertility, and Morbidity ........................................................44
Section 4-6: Counting ............................................................................................................. 46
C
Chapter Quick Quiz ................................................................................................................ 48
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................... 48
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................49
S
Chapter 5: Discrete Probability Distributions
Section 5-1: Probability Distributions..................................................................................... 51
Section 5-2: Binomial Probability Distributions..................................................................... 52
Section 5-3: Poisson Probability Distributions ........................................................................55
Chapter Quick Quiz ................................................................................................................ 57
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................... 58
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................59
,Chapter 6: Normal Probability Distributions
Section 6-1: The Standard Normal Distribution ..................................................................... 61
Section 6-2: Real Applications of Normal Distributions ........................................................ 62
Section 6-3: Sampling Distributions and Estimators ...............................................................65
Section 6-4: The Central Limit Theorem .................................................................................69
Section 6-5: Assessing Normality ........................................................................................... 72
Section 6-6: Normal as Approximation to Binomial ...............................................................75
Chapter Quick Quiz ................................................................................................................ 77
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................... 77
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................79
N
Chapter 7: Estimating Parameters and Determining Sample Sizes
Section 7-1: Estimating a Population Proportion. ................................................................... 81
Section 7-2: Estimating a Population Mean. ........................................................................... 85
U
Section 7-3: Estimating a Population Standard Deviation or Variance .................................. 89
Section 7-4: Bootstrapping: Using Technology for Estimates.................................................92
Chapter Quick Quiz ................................................................................................................ 94
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................... 94
R
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................96
Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing
SE
Section 8-1: Basics of Hypothesis Testing .............................................................................. 97
Section 8-2: Testing a Claim About a Proportion ................................................................... 99
Section 8-3: Testing a Claim About a Mean ..........................................................................104
Section 8-4: Testing a Claim About a Standard Deviation or Variance ............................... 108
Chapter Quick Quiz .............................................................................................................. 110
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................. 111
D
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................112
Chapter 9: Chapter 9: Inferences from Two Samples
Section 9-1: Two Proportions ............................................................................................... 115
O
Section 9-2: Two Means: Independent Samples ....................................................................124
Section 9-3: Two Dependent Samples (Matched Pairs) ....................................................... 130
Section 9-4: Two Variances or Standard Deviations ............................................................ 134
Chapter Quick Quiz .............................................................................................................. 136
C
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................. 137
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................138
Chapter 10: Correlation and Regression
S
Section 10-1: Correlation ...................................................................................................... 141
Section 10-2: Regression ...................................................................................................... 148
Section 10-3: Prediction Intervals and Variation ...................................................................156
Section 10-4: Multiple Regression. ....................................................................................... 159
Section 10-5: Dummy Variables and Logistic Regression ................................................... 161
Chapter Quick Quiz .............................................................................................................. 162
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................. 162
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................164
, Chapter 11: Goodness-of-Fit and Contingency Tables
Section 11-1: Goodness-of-Fit .............................................................................................. 167
Section 11-2: Contingency Tables .........................................................................................170
Chapter Quick Quiz .............................................................................................................. 174
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................. 175
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................176
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance
Section 12-1: One-Way ANOVA ......................................................................................... 177
Section 12-2: Two-Way ANOVA ......................................................................................... 178
Chapter Quick Quiz .............................................................................................................. 179
N
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................. 180
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................180
Chapter 13: Nonparametric Tests
U
Section 13-2: Sign Test ......................................................................................................... 183
Section 13-3: Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test for Matched Pairs .............................................184
Section 13-4: Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test for Two Independent samples ...............................185
R
Section 13-5: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Three or More Samples ............................................ 188
Section 13-6: Rank Correlation............................................................................................. 190
Chapter Quick Quiz .............................................................................................................. 191
SE
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................. 192
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................192
Chapter 14: Survival Analysis
Section 14-1: Life Tables ...................................................................................................... 195
Section 14-2: Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis..................................................................... 197
Chapter Quick Quiz .............................................................................................................. 198
D
Review Exercises .................................................................................................................. 199
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................200
O
C
S
