COMD 5070 Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions(Guaranteed Success)

COMD 5070 Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions(Guaranteed Success) Two types of coarticulation - correct answer...anticipatory retentive Anticipatory (forward) coarticulation - correct answer...earlier sounds are influenced by a later sound . ex: spoon which causes /s/ to lip round. Retentive (backward) coarticulation - correct answer...later sounds are influenced by an earlier one. ex: no causes /o/ to be nasalized. Acoustic parameters that may change when a word is stressed: - correct answer...fundamental frequency intensity duration relaxed vs clear speech - correct answer...We adjust how much articulatory effort we use, depending on the circumstances. When you're in a circumstance with minimal noise, you may be able to minimize your energy expenditure by speaking casually. However, if you're talking to someone with a hearing impairment or are in a noisy environment and need to be understood, you tend to adjust the effort level upward and articulate with much greater force and effort. hyper- and hypo-articulate speech are different, and clear speech involves longer segment durations as a result of trying to be really clear, whereas more casual speech involves articulatory undershoot. In conclusion, relaxed speech involves articulatory undershoot and clear speech involves longer segment durations and released stops due to emphasis and trying to be clear when speaking. Hypernasality (how do perceptual severity relates to physiology) - correct answer...Perceptual severities of nasalization relate to physiology, because it is disordered because it can be a result of linked nasal and oral cavity. The nasal cavity tends to have a damping effect and can influence the clarity of a vowel that's being produced. This is because the nasal cavity acts as an anti resonance, which damps the other formants. Nasal air Flow (during which sound would it be high or low) - correct answer...low for vowels near zero for pressure consonants. If there is flow during consonants this could indicate leakage. Measuring nasalance (what instrument quantifies this) - correct answer...nasometer It relies on acoustic nasometry but may include aerodynamic measures as well. Looks at nasal airflow over time. It comes with a software which will allow for quantifying measures of nasalance. Example: OroNasal Mask System from a company called Glottal Enterprises. Acoustic Nasometry (how does it work conceptually) - correct answer...you have two microphones. One is set above the divider plate, and one below. This divider plate is set on the front of the person's face so it sits above the person's upper lip and below the nose. So one of the microphones picks up energy that comes below the mouth, and the other picks up energy that comes from the nose. The relative proportions of the energy from these two microphones can be represented as nasalance. This is useful in clinical assessments because you can determine if a person falls within normal limits for nasalance for a given utterance. It can also be used to provide feedback during therapy so the person can see how they're managing the oral nasal balance of speech production. EMG - correct answer...used to study electrical activity in muscles. What innervates muscles? - correct answer...motor neurons What does a motor neuron consist of? - correct answer...motor neuron few or many muscle fibers What causes contraction of muscles? - correct answer...electrical stimulation Surface Electrodes - correct answer...measure larger muscles. Less invasive due to many muscle fibers firing at the same time. Must have signal amplified to boost signal. Intramuscular Electrodes - correct answer...measures fine detail, but requires you poking the electrode into the belly of the muscle so you can measure the electrical activity inside it. Where does the signal come from? (EMG) - correct answer...signals originate from CNS and may reveal details of neural control. Muscle contraction follows neural stimulation. Brain sends impulse down axon to muscle fiber, causes to contract when stimulated. Electrical activity measured during contracting & measured with EMG reflects activity of muscle. Electrical impulses generated in muscles when contract really very small, so important to have very powerful amplifiers in order to make signals strong enough to recorded & analyzed w pc software. What does EMG data reveal? - correct answer...Details about motor control. Signal processing approaches to help simplify complex EMG signals: - correct answer...rectification smoothing averaging Rectification - correct answer...all negative values are made positive . Smoothing - correct answer...done with low pass filter Averaging - correct answer...Done with repetitions of the same behavior order to get a composite picture. Palotometry - correct answer...It is a way to get numeric data regarding tongue contact Which sounds show up best on palatometry - correct answer... What are the limitations of palatometry ? - correct answer...Motor equivalence means you can achieve the same acoustic results in a few ways. As a consequence, it's not realistic to expect the client to match perfectly the clinician model. Coarticulation also plays a role. Sounds adjacent to the target sound can influence production of the sound. This means the client who is learning to articulate a sound doesn't necessarily do it in the same way as the clinician. Because the device shows tongue contact patterns, it doesn't tell us much about the movements themselves when the tongue is not in contact with the palate. Tools for transducing articulator movements - correct answer...Head mount with strain gauges optical movement detection magnetic tracking articulography