PSY 334 Exam 2 || Already Passed.
What is symbolic inheritance? correct answers Beliefs, "ideas and understandings, both implicit
and explicit, about persons, society, nature and divinity."
Cultural beliefs are? correct answers Norms and moral standards that arise from these beliefs,
ideas, and understandings.
What is socialization? correct answers The process by which people acquire the behaviors and
beliefs of their culture.
What are the 3 socialization outcomes? correct answers 1) self regulation: ability to comply with
social norms
2) role preparation: for roles in work, gender, and institutions such as marriage and parenthood
3) cultivation of sources of meaning: what's important? What's to be lived for?
There are two types of cultural values: individualism and collectivism. Briefly describe both.
correct answers Individualism: independence, self-expression, broad socialization, "Western"
Collectivism: obedience, conformity, narrow socialization, "Eastern"
(Interdependent self)
How do cultures affect socialization: broad and narrow? correct answers Cultures define the
RANGE and FOCUS of acceptable personal variation
Cultures differ in the DEGREE of restrictiveness they impose
Narrow socialization is to COLLECTIVISM as broad socialization is to INDIVIDUALISM
Broad socialization and narrow socialization are processed by which cultural members adopt the
values and beliefs of an individualistic or collectivist of culture.
What is the custom complex? correct answers Customary practice and the beliefs, values,
sanctions, rules, motives and satisfactions associated with it. Scholars place the custom complex
at the center of cultural psychology, which examines human development from a psychology and
anthropology approach.
Simply: typical practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for the
practice.
A custom complex consists of a distinctive cultural practice and the cultural beliefs that are the
basis for that practice.
What are fowler's stages of religious beliefs and cognitive development? MEH correct answers
1) poetic-conventional faith (awareness of symbolism), occurs in early adolescence
2) individuating-reflective faith (question beliefs, incorporate personal experiences, develop
individualized faith) occurs in late adolescence and emerging adulthood
What is a caveat on fowler's theory? correct answers Fowler's theory is based on American
majority culture and individualistic values
, According to Piaget, what are two stages based on cognitive development? MEH correct answers
Heteronomous morality (ages 4-7): "you can't change the rules. The rules were made by my
mother!"
Autonomous morality (reached at age 10-12): "I dropped it by accident but it wasn't as bad as
what you did because you were mad."
How did Kohlberg study moral reasoning? correct answers Presented his participants with
hypothetical moral dilemmas, asked them to make a judgment and explain their reasons for their
decision. Was not important whether a person judged the actions as right or wrong, rather, his
REASONING for the judgment was key to determining the stage of moral reasoning.
Kohlberg proposed that moral development occurs in a universal sequence regardless of culture
What are the three levels of moral reasoning? MEH correct answers 1) pre conventional (stages 1
and 2) based on perceptions of likelihood of external reward or punishment (stage 1: he shouldn't
steal because he'll go to jail, stage 2: he should steal because he needs the money.)
2) conventional (stages 3 and 4) right is what agree with rules established by tradition and
authority (stage 3: he shouldn't steal because good sons don't do that, stage 4: he shouldn't steal
because if everyone steals there will be chaos)
3) post conventional (stages 5 and 6) what is right is derived from universal principles, stage 5:
he should steal because laws need to be changed to reflect people's basic rights, stage 6: he
shouldn't steal because the universal principle of ownership must be primary over an individual's
needs)
Gender critique (Gillian) correct answers Morality of justice vs. morality of care: justice
orientation- places emphasis on justice, equality and fairness
What are the 3 ethics of the world views approach? correct answers 1) autonomy: individual is
primary moral authority having right to do as they wish as long as their behavior does no harm to
others (emerging adults in us rely especially on this)
2) community: responsibilities of roles in family and community are basis for moral judgments
3) divinity: individual is a spiritual entity subject to the prescriptions of a divine authority
What do adelsons political beliefs illustrate? correct answers Voting is low in Canada, u.s, and
Europe by emerging adults
2) emerging adults have lower political participation
4) only about 24% of US college students were interested in politics
5) 50% had participated in a political demonstration
What is gender? correct answers Refers to the social categories of male and female.
What is sex? correct answers Refers to the biological status of being male or female
Traditional cultures: from girl to woman correct answers Girls work alongside their mothers,
maintain a close relationship with their mothers
What is symbolic inheritance? correct answers Beliefs, "ideas and understandings, both implicit
and explicit, about persons, society, nature and divinity."
Cultural beliefs are? correct answers Norms and moral standards that arise from these beliefs,
ideas, and understandings.
What is socialization? correct answers The process by which people acquire the behaviors and
beliefs of their culture.
What are the 3 socialization outcomes? correct answers 1) self regulation: ability to comply with
social norms
2) role preparation: for roles in work, gender, and institutions such as marriage and parenthood
3) cultivation of sources of meaning: what's important? What's to be lived for?
There are two types of cultural values: individualism and collectivism. Briefly describe both.
correct answers Individualism: independence, self-expression, broad socialization, "Western"
Collectivism: obedience, conformity, narrow socialization, "Eastern"
(Interdependent self)
How do cultures affect socialization: broad and narrow? correct answers Cultures define the
RANGE and FOCUS of acceptable personal variation
Cultures differ in the DEGREE of restrictiveness they impose
Narrow socialization is to COLLECTIVISM as broad socialization is to INDIVIDUALISM
Broad socialization and narrow socialization are processed by which cultural members adopt the
values and beliefs of an individualistic or collectivist of culture.
What is the custom complex? correct answers Customary practice and the beliefs, values,
sanctions, rules, motives and satisfactions associated with it. Scholars place the custom complex
at the center of cultural psychology, which examines human development from a psychology and
anthropology approach.
Simply: typical practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for the
practice.
A custom complex consists of a distinctive cultural practice and the cultural beliefs that are the
basis for that practice.
What are fowler's stages of religious beliefs and cognitive development? MEH correct answers
1) poetic-conventional faith (awareness of symbolism), occurs in early adolescence
2) individuating-reflective faith (question beliefs, incorporate personal experiences, develop
individualized faith) occurs in late adolescence and emerging adulthood
What is a caveat on fowler's theory? correct answers Fowler's theory is based on American
majority culture and individualistic values
, According to Piaget, what are two stages based on cognitive development? MEH correct answers
Heteronomous morality (ages 4-7): "you can't change the rules. The rules were made by my
mother!"
Autonomous morality (reached at age 10-12): "I dropped it by accident but it wasn't as bad as
what you did because you were mad."
How did Kohlberg study moral reasoning? correct answers Presented his participants with
hypothetical moral dilemmas, asked them to make a judgment and explain their reasons for their
decision. Was not important whether a person judged the actions as right or wrong, rather, his
REASONING for the judgment was key to determining the stage of moral reasoning.
Kohlberg proposed that moral development occurs in a universal sequence regardless of culture
What are the three levels of moral reasoning? MEH correct answers 1) pre conventional (stages 1
and 2) based on perceptions of likelihood of external reward or punishment (stage 1: he shouldn't
steal because he'll go to jail, stage 2: he should steal because he needs the money.)
2) conventional (stages 3 and 4) right is what agree with rules established by tradition and
authority (stage 3: he shouldn't steal because good sons don't do that, stage 4: he shouldn't steal
because if everyone steals there will be chaos)
3) post conventional (stages 5 and 6) what is right is derived from universal principles, stage 5:
he should steal because laws need to be changed to reflect people's basic rights, stage 6: he
shouldn't steal because the universal principle of ownership must be primary over an individual's
needs)
Gender critique (Gillian) correct answers Morality of justice vs. morality of care: justice
orientation- places emphasis on justice, equality and fairness
What are the 3 ethics of the world views approach? correct answers 1) autonomy: individual is
primary moral authority having right to do as they wish as long as their behavior does no harm to
others (emerging adults in us rely especially on this)
2) community: responsibilities of roles in family and community are basis for moral judgments
3) divinity: individual is a spiritual entity subject to the prescriptions of a divine authority
What do adelsons political beliefs illustrate? correct answers Voting is low in Canada, u.s, and
Europe by emerging adults
2) emerging adults have lower political participation
4) only about 24% of US college students were interested in politics
5) 50% had participated in a political demonstration
What is gender? correct answers Refers to the social categories of male and female.
What is sex? correct answers Refers to the biological status of being male or female
Traditional cultures: from girl to woman correct answers Girls work alongside their mothers,
maintain a close relationship with their mothers
