NUR3503 Nursing Children And Young
People Exam Study Guide
Common age groups - Answer 0-4 weeks- neonate
0-1 year- Infant
1-3 years- Toddler
1-5 years- early childhood
4-6 years- Pre-schooler
6-11 years- School aged
12- 19 years- Adolescence (varies)
What pain assessment tools are used for neonates, infants or premature infants and
what do they assess? - Answer Neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS)
Premature Infant pain profile (PIPP)
Pain is assessed by facial expression, crying, breathing pattern, state of arousal and if
arms and legs are tense or relaxed
What pain assessment tool is used for 0-3 year olds and what does it assess? - Answer
FLACC
Face, legs, activity, cry, consolability
Revised FLACC is for non verbal/cognitive impaired 0-18 years.
What pain assessment tools are used for children ages 3-8 years and 8 years and
above? - Answer 3 - 8 years FACES pain scale (FPS-R)
(Wong baker pain scale is no longer used)
8+ years- Numerical pain scale
Non-pharmacologic pain management - Answer Physical- repositioning, comforting,
baths, massage or heat pack if appropriate, spray on ice, buzzy bee/vibration placed
between the brain and the pain.
Environmental- keeping volume down on monitors etc
Behavioural- relaxation, art and play therapy
Cognitive- distraction with ipads, toys, music, imagery.
For babies- clustering of care to avoid extra irritation
, Why is fluid and elctroclyte balance so important in children? (5) - Answer · They
dehydrate quickly due to a higher ratio of extracellular fluid compared to intracellular.
· Higher basal metabolic rate (use more calories)
· Larger body surface area compared to mass which leads to higher loss of fluids
· Immature kidneys which leads to increased loss of water
· Immature homeostatic mechanisms.
What are the 3 main classifications of fluid rehydration? - Answer Isotonic- No
movement of solutes. Used in children who have short term dehydration or hemorrhage
(quantity of fluid has been lost but no electrolyte imbalance yet so we dont want to
rehydrate at a level that will shift electrolytes). Has the same osmolality as intracellular
fluids. eg- 0.9% NaCI, Normal saline,
Hypotonic- used in children with prolonged fluid loss who are very unwell. Lower
osmolality than interstitial fluids. eg- 0.45% NaCI
Hypertonic- helps shift fluid out of cells to stop them swelling. eg kidney issues or
excessive water drinking. (not as common)
What is assessed in the PAT? - Answer Appearance- Tone, interactivity, consolability,
look/gaze, speach/cry
Work of breathing- Rate, position, retraction, use of accessory muscles, nasal flare,
anxiety
Circulation- skin colour (pallor, cyanosis, mottled)
What are the main benefits of using the PAT? - Answer Easy to use
non invasive
non threatening
quick initial assessment
Ratio of heart compressions to breaths + rationale - Answer 15:2 for children over 6
weeks
3:1 for babies under 6 weeks
Rationale: children have higher metabolic rates and require more oxygen.
The most common cause of cardiopulmonary arrest in children is respiratory failure.
Common signs and symptoms of neurological conditions in children. - Answer
Headaches
People Exam Study Guide
Common age groups - Answer 0-4 weeks- neonate
0-1 year- Infant
1-3 years- Toddler
1-5 years- early childhood
4-6 years- Pre-schooler
6-11 years- School aged
12- 19 years- Adolescence (varies)
What pain assessment tools are used for neonates, infants or premature infants and
what do they assess? - Answer Neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS)
Premature Infant pain profile (PIPP)
Pain is assessed by facial expression, crying, breathing pattern, state of arousal and if
arms and legs are tense or relaxed
What pain assessment tool is used for 0-3 year olds and what does it assess? - Answer
FLACC
Face, legs, activity, cry, consolability
Revised FLACC is for non verbal/cognitive impaired 0-18 years.
What pain assessment tools are used for children ages 3-8 years and 8 years and
above? - Answer 3 - 8 years FACES pain scale (FPS-R)
(Wong baker pain scale is no longer used)
8+ years- Numerical pain scale
Non-pharmacologic pain management - Answer Physical- repositioning, comforting,
baths, massage or heat pack if appropriate, spray on ice, buzzy bee/vibration placed
between the brain and the pain.
Environmental- keeping volume down on monitors etc
Behavioural- relaxation, art and play therapy
Cognitive- distraction with ipads, toys, music, imagery.
For babies- clustering of care to avoid extra irritation
, Why is fluid and elctroclyte balance so important in children? (5) - Answer · They
dehydrate quickly due to a higher ratio of extracellular fluid compared to intracellular.
· Higher basal metabolic rate (use more calories)
· Larger body surface area compared to mass which leads to higher loss of fluids
· Immature kidneys which leads to increased loss of water
· Immature homeostatic mechanisms.
What are the 3 main classifications of fluid rehydration? - Answer Isotonic- No
movement of solutes. Used in children who have short term dehydration or hemorrhage
(quantity of fluid has been lost but no electrolyte imbalance yet so we dont want to
rehydrate at a level that will shift electrolytes). Has the same osmolality as intracellular
fluids. eg- 0.9% NaCI, Normal saline,
Hypotonic- used in children with prolonged fluid loss who are very unwell. Lower
osmolality than interstitial fluids. eg- 0.45% NaCI
Hypertonic- helps shift fluid out of cells to stop them swelling. eg kidney issues or
excessive water drinking. (not as common)
What is assessed in the PAT? - Answer Appearance- Tone, interactivity, consolability,
look/gaze, speach/cry
Work of breathing- Rate, position, retraction, use of accessory muscles, nasal flare,
anxiety
Circulation- skin colour (pallor, cyanosis, mottled)
What are the main benefits of using the PAT? - Answer Easy to use
non invasive
non threatening
quick initial assessment
Ratio of heart compressions to breaths + rationale - Answer 15:2 for children over 6
weeks
3:1 for babies under 6 weeks
Rationale: children have higher metabolic rates and require more oxygen.
The most common cause of cardiopulmonary arrest in children is respiratory failure.
Common signs and symptoms of neurological conditions in children. - Answer
Headaches
