HKIN 191 Midterm Exam Questions
with Answers
Transcription - Answer-the transfer of genetic information from DNA to mRNA carried
out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase and transcription factors.
mRNA - Answer-One strand of DNA is copied to produce single strand mRNAs. Read
by a ribosome during protein synthesis. **Protein synthesis** mRNA carries genetic
code from DNA into a cell's nucleus to ribosomes (cell's protein machinery).
Triglycerides - Answer-A type of fat (lipid) found in the body. The calories that do not
need to be used right away get converted into triglycerides.
Free Fatty Acids - Answer-By products of the metabolism of fat in adipose tissues.
(FFA) describes the albumin fatty acid combination.
Adipose Tissues - Answer-is the fat made up of loose connective tissues composed of
adipocytes. Stores energy in the form of fat and insulates the body. Key organ in energy
homeostasis.
Plasma - Answer-clear, yellowish fluid portion of the blood after the white and red blood
cells and platelets are removed.
High density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) - Answer-Known as good cholesterol, takes
LDL to the liver to be flushed out
low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) - Answer-BAD cholesterol, collects in the walls
of blood vessels raising chances of heart attacks.
Cholesterol - Answer-type of fat found in blood
insulin - Answer-the hormone that regulates amount of glucose in blood.
insulin sensitivity - Answer-The ability to respond to insulin production and regulate
blood glucose levels.
insulin resistance - Answer-When cells in your muscles, fat, and liver don't respond well
to insulin and can't take up glucose in blood. So your pancreas makes more insulin to
help glucose enter your cells.
, muscle GLUT Transporters (1 vs 4) - Answer-1 facilitates the transport of glucose
across the plasma membranes of mammalian cells. 4 is an insulin regulated glucose
taken into fat and muscle cells.
cardiovascular disease - Answer-result of too much sedentary behaviour (heart attacks,
failure, also affects blood vessels, angina)
Osteoporosis - Answer-bone disease that occurs when the body loses bone mass or
doesn't make enough bone. Makes bones more prone to breaking. Also a result of
sedentary behaviour.
bone resorption - Answer-osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the
minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood.
bone formation - Answer-called ossification or osteogenesis (rebuilding bone). bone
forming osteoblast cells induce bone synthesis
fast glycolytic fibers - Answer-fibers fatigue more quickly than the (SG)
oxidative muscle fibres - Answer-SO (slow) contract slowly and use aerobic respiration
(oxygen and glucose) to produce (ATP) FO (fast) have fast contradictions and can tired
easily from switching from aerobic to anaerobic (glycolysis) respiration.
slow glycolytic muscle fibres - Answer-fibers have fast contractions and primarily use
anaerobic glycolysis
structural organization of the human body - Answer-chemical (ie. atoms), organelle
level, cellular, tissue (ie. Connective, muscle, epithelial, nervous), organ( ie stores,
system (11 major systems), and the organism level. every behaviour influences every
level of structural organization.
Anatomy - Answer-the study of the structure and relationships between body parts
Physiology - Answer-the study of how body parts come together to function and keep
you alive
Complementarity of Structure and Function - Answer-the basic idea that what a
structure can do depends on its specific form
What are the structural organization components of the human body (Smallest to
largest)? - Answer-Atoms --> Cells --> Tissues --> Organs --> Organ Systems --> The
Body
Homeostasis - Answer-the ability to maintain stable internal conditions no matter what
changes are happening outside the body. The body is always trying to return to
homeostasis through a variety of negative feedback loops
with Answers
Transcription - Answer-the transfer of genetic information from DNA to mRNA carried
out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase and transcription factors.
mRNA - Answer-One strand of DNA is copied to produce single strand mRNAs. Read
by a ribosome during protein synthesis. **Protein synthesis** mRNA carries genetic
code from DNA into a cell's nucleus to ribosomes (cell's protein machinery).
Triglycerides - Answer-A type of fat (lipid) found in the body. The calories that do not
need to be used right away get converted into triglycerides.
Free Fatty Acids - Answer-By products of the metabolism of fat in adipose tissues.
(FFA) describes the albumin fatty acid combination.
Adipose Tissues - Answer-is the fat made up of loose connective tissues composed of
adipocytes. Stores energy in the form of fat and insulates the body. Key organ in energy
homeostasis.
Plasma - Answer-clear, yellowish fluid portion of the blood after the white and red blood
cells and platelets are removed.
High density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) - Answer-Known as good cholesterol, takes
LDL to the liver to be flushed out
low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) - Answer-BAD cholesterol, collects in the walls
of blood vessels raising chances of heart attacks.
Cholesterol - Answer-type of fat found in blood
insulin - Answer-the hormone that regulates amount of glucose in blood.
insulin sensitivity - Answer-The ability to respond to insulin production and regulate
blood glucose levels.
insulin resistance - Answer-When cells in your muscles, fat, and liver don't respond well
to insulin and can't take up glucose in blood. So your pancreas makes more insulin to
help glucose enter your cells.
, muscle GLUT Transporters (1 vs 4) - Answer-1 facilitates the transport of glucose
across the plasma membranes of mammalian cells. 4 is an insulin regulated glucose
taken into fat and muscle cells.
cardiovascular disease - Answer-result of too much sedentary behaviour (heart attacks,
failure, also affects blood vessels, angina)
Osteoporosis - Answer-bone disease that occurs when the body loses bone mass or
doesn't make enough bone. Makes bones more prone to breaking. Also a result of
sedentary behaviour.
bone resorption - Answer-osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the
minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood.
bone formation - Answer-called ossification or osteogenesis (rebuilding bone). bone
forming osteoblast cells induce bone synthesis
fast glycolytic fibers - Answer-fibers fatigue more quickly than the (SG)
oxidative muscle fibres - Answer-SO (slow) contract slowly and use aerobic respiration
(oxygen and glucose) to produce (ATP) FO (fast) have fast contradictions and can tired
easily from switching from aerobic to anaerobic (glycolysis) respiration.
slow glycolytic muscle fibres - Answer-fibers have fast contractions and primarily use
anaerobic glycolysis
structural organization of the human body - Answer-chemical (ie. atoms), organelle
level, cellular, tissue (ie. Connective, muscle, epithelial, nervous), organ( ie stores,
system (11 major systems), and the organism level. every behaviour influences every
level of structural organization.
Anatomy - Answer-the study of the structure and relationships between body parts
Physiology - Answer-the study of how body parts come together to function and keep
you alive
Complementarity of Structure and Function - Answer-the basic idea that what a
structure can do depends on its specific form
What are the structural organization components of the human body (Smallest to
largest)? - Answer-Atoms --> Cells --> Tissues --> Organs --> Organ Systems --> The
Body
Homeostasis - Answer-the ability to maintain stable internal conditions no matter what
changes are happening outside the body. The body is always trying to return to
homeostasis through a variety of negative feedback loops
