PSCH 242 UIC Exam 3 Answered
Accessible Population - ANS-portion of target population that is available to you
(practical constraints)
Ad Hoc Samples - ANS-Non-random sample from the accessible population. It's non-
representative and should describe sample to help define the limits of generalizability.
advantages of within-subjects designs - ANS-participant assignment problems are
eliminated, since there is only one group. more sensitive to small effects, less error
variance, can use a smaller sample
Archival Study - ANS-A study in which data is collected from a variety of historical
records and pre-existing sources.
Archival Study Advantages - ANS-Can often rely on huge data sets, and there is no
researcher influence risk.
Archival Study Limitations - ANS-There are alternatives present that can explain
hypotheses in a variety of cases and few ways to amend this. Combinations of statistics
could also be used to limit this issue, such as baseball attendance and weather to limit
bias. Additionally, sources are not always reliable, and there is no control over data
collection.
Attrition - ANS-Loss of participants during a study
Automation - ANS-Remove contact between subjects and the experimenter, so there
are no opportunities to influence participants unintentionally.
between vs. within-subjects designs - ANS-between: Independent groups designs
where each condition contains different participants and the comparisons are made
between different participants. It's the most common experimental procedure.
within: the independent variable represents more than one assessment of the same
individuals, under different conditions
Blind Procedures - ANS-Best control for expectancy effects (like placebo)
Confounding Variables - ANS-Variables that vary along with the independent variable. A
variable that is likely to have an unwanted effect on the dependent variable.
Construct Validity - ANS-the extent to which the operationalization of the variables
measure what they are supposed to measure
controlling variance - ANS--Maximizing Experimental variance: Make sure groups differ
on IV, create as strong a manipulation as possible
, -Controlling Extraneous variance: ensure that the only difference between groups is the
level of the IV
Minimizing error variance: "All else constant," precise measurements
Counter-balancing - ANS-Systematic alternation of the order of treatment conditions, to
avoid order effects in a within-subjects design. One group gets one condition first then
the second, the other group gets the second condition first, then the first condition
second.
dealing with potential pre-treatment differences on dependent variable (quasi-
experiment) - ANS-measure DV before and after treatment, carefully select control
group, measure high-risk confounding variables
Deception - ANS-to hide (actively or passively) the purpose of the study from
participants. Ethics must also be taken into account.
Demand Characteristics - ANS-Cues available to the participants that enable them to
detect the purpose of the research, or what is expected of them by the researcher.
Differences Between Correlational and Differential Studies - ANS-Correlational
observes a relationship between two variables while differential observes a relationship
between two variables based on two or more pre-established groups.
Differences between Correlational lower methods of research - ANS-Higher levels of
constraint, narrower focus, more standardized procedures, control over when and how
variables are measured.
Differences between Differential and lower methods of research - ANS-Narrower focus,
standardized procedures, control over how and when variables are measured, and
*additional* control over Confounding Variables.
differences between quasi experiment and true experiment - ANS-no random
assignment
diffusion of treatment - ANS-Changes in participants' behavior in one condition because
of information they obtained about other conditions
disadvantages of within-subjects designs - ANS-burden on participants, introduces
possible confounds, like practice effects, fatigue, subject effects
Double-Blind - ANS-Neither the experimenter nor the participant knows what condition
the participant is in.
Ex post facto design - ANS-A scientific study in which the values of the independent
variable are not manipulated, but selected by the experimenter after the groups have
naturally divided themselves
Accessible Population - ANS-portion of target population that is available to you
(practical constraints)
Ad Hoc Samples - ANS-Non-random sample from the accessible population. It's non-
representative and should describe sample to help define the limits of generalizability.
advantages of within-subjects designs - ANS-participant assignment problems are
eliminated, since there is only one group. more sensitive to small effects, less error
variance, can use a smaller sample
Archival Study - ANS-A study in which data is collected from a variety of historical
records and pre-existing sources.
Archival Study Advantages - ANS-Can often rely on huge data sets, and there is no
researcher influence risk.
Archival Study Limitations - ANS-There are alternatives present that can explain
hypotheses in a variety of cases and few ways to amend this. Combinations of statistics
could also be used to limit this issue, such as baseball attendance and weather to limit
bias. Additionally, sources are not always reliable, and there is no control over data
collection.
Attrition - ANS-Loss of participants during a study
Automation - ANS-Remove contact between subjects and the experimenter, so there
are no opportunities to influence participants unintentionally.
between vs. within-subjects designs - ANS-between: Independent groups designs
where each condition contains different participants and the comparisons are made
between different participants. It's the most common experimental procedure.
within: the independent variable represents more than one assessment of the same
individuals, under different conditions
Blind Procedures - ANS-Best control for expectancy effects (like placebo)
Confounding Variables - ANS-Variables that vary along with the independent variable. A
variable that is likely to have an unwanted effect on the dependent variable.
Construct Validity - ANS-the extent to which the operationalization of the variables
measure what they are supposed to measure
controlling variance - ANS--Maximizing Experimental variance: Make sure groups differ
on IV, create as strong a manipulation as possible
, -Controlling Extraneous variance: ensure that the only difference between groups is the
level of the IV
Minimizing error variance: "All else constant," precise measurements
Counter-balancing - ANS-Systematic alternation of the order of treatment conditions, to
avoid order effects in a within-subjects design. One group gets one condition first then
the second, the other group gets the second condition first, then the first condition
second.
dealing with potential pre-treatment differences on dependent variable (quasi-
experiment) - ANS-measure DV before and after treatment, carefully select control
group, measure high-risk confounding variables
Deception - ANS-to hide (actively or passively) the purpose of the study from
participants. Ethics must also be taken into account.
Demand Characteristics - ANS-Cues available to the participants that enable them to
detect the purpose of the research, or what is expected of them by the researcher.
Differences Between Correlational and Differential Studies - ANS-Correlational
observes a relationship between two variables while differential observes a relationship
between two variables based on two or more pre-established groups.
Differences between Correlational lower methods of research - ANS-Higher levels of
constraint, narrower focus, more standardized procedures, control over when and how
variables are measured.
Differences between Differential and lower methods of research - ANS-Narrower focus,
standardized procedures, control over how and when variables are measured, and
*additional* control over Confounding Variables.
differences between quasi experiment and true experiment - ANS-no random
assignment
diffusion of treatment - ANS-Changes in participants' behavior in one condition because
of information they obtained about other conditions
disadvantages of within-subjects designs - ANS-burden on participants, introduces
possible confounds, like practice effects, fatigue, subject effects
Double-Blind - ANS-Neither the experimenter nor the participant knows what condition
the participant is in.
Ex post facto design - ANS-A scientific study in which the values of the independent
variable are not manipulated, but selected by the experimenter after the groups have
naturally divided themselves
