1. In ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome),
what is the main pathophysiologic problem?
A. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
B. Loss of alveolar surfactant and inflammation
C. Chronic mucus hypersecretion
D. Viral invasion of bronchial epithelium
Answer: B
Rationale: ARDS involves diffuse alveolar damage,
inflammation, and surfactant dysfunction causing
impaired gas exchange.
2. What is the primary mechanism in cystic fibrosis?
A. Autoimmune destruction of alveoli
B. Excess mucous production due to CFTR gene
mutation
C. Bacterial colonization of the lungs
D. Inability to produce surfactant
Answer: B
,Rationale: A mutation in the CFTR gene causes thick
mucus due to defective chloride transport.
3. In hypothyroidism, which of the following is
typically elevated?
A. T3
B. T4
C. TSH
D. Calcitonin
Answer: C
Rationale: In primary hypothyroidism, the pituitary
compensates for low thyroid hormones by increasing
TSH.
4. What is the most likely cause of acute tubular
necrosis (ATN)?
A. Autoimmune destruction of tubules
B. Prolonged hypotension or nephrotoxic drugs
C. Viral infection
D. Obstruction from kidney stones
Answer: B
,Rationale: ATN is commonly caused by ischemia or
nephrotoxins leading to tubular cell injury and
necrosis.
5. What is the underlying mechanism of Grave’s
disease?
A. TSH-secreting pituitary tumor
B. Autoantibodies stimulating the TSH receptor
C. Iodine deficiency
D. Thyroid gland destruction
Answer: B
Rationale: Grave’s disease is an autoimmune
disorder where antibodies mimic TSH and
overstimulate the thyroid.
6. Which of the following contributes to the
development of atherosclerosis?
A. Elevated HDL
B. Low LDL
C. Endothelial injury
D. Low blood pressure
, Answer: C
Rationale: Endothelial injury is the initiating event in
atherosclerosis, allowing lipid accumulation and
inflammation.
7. Which of the following is a feature of chronic
inflammation?
A. Neutrophil predominance
B. Immediate onset
C. Lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration
D. Short duration
Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic inflammation involves prolonged
tissue injury with mononuclear cell infiltration.
8. What is the primary electrolyte imbalance in tumor
lysis syndrome?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Hyperuricemia and hyperkalemia
D. Hyponatremia
what is the main pathophysiologic problem?
A. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
B. Loss of alveolar surfactant and inflammation
C. Chronic mucus hypersecretion
D. Viral invasion of bronchial epithelium
Answer: B
Rationale: ARDS involves diffuse alveolar damage,
inflammation, and surfactant dysfunction causing
impaired gas exchange.
2. What is the primary mechanism in cystic fibrosis?
A. Autoimmune destruction of alveoli
B. Excess mucous production due to CFTR gene
mutation
C. Bacterial colonization of the lungs
D. Inability to produce surfactant
Answer: B
,Rationale: A mutation in the CFTR gene causes thick
mucus due to defective chloride transport.
3. In hypothyroidism, which of the following is
typically elevated?
A. T3
B. T4
C. TSH
D. Calcitonin
Answer: C
Rationale: In primary hypothyroidism, the pituitary
compensates for low thyroid hormones by increasing
TSH.
4. What is the most likely cause of acute tubular
necrosis (ATN)?
A. Autoimmune destruction of tubules
B. Prolonged hypotension or nephrotoxic drugs
C. Viral infection
D. Obstruction from kidney stones
Answer: B
,Rationale: ATN is commonly caused by ischemia or
nephrotoxins leading to tubular cell injury and
necrosis.
5. What is the underlying mechanism of Grave’s
disease?
A. TSH-secreting pituitary tumor
B. Autoantibodies stimulating the TSH receptor
C. Iodine deficiency
D. Thyroid gland destruction
Answer: B
Rationale: Grave’s disease is an autoimmune
disorder where antibodies mimic TSH and
overstimulate the thyroid.
6. Which of the following contributes to the
development of atherosclerosis?
A. Elevated HDL
B. Low LDL
C. Endothelial injury
D. Low blood pressure
, Answer: C
Rationale: Endothelial injury is the initiating event in
atherosclerosis, allowing lipid accumulation and
inflammation.
7. Which of the following is a feature of chronic
inflammation?
A. Neutrophil predominance
B. Immediate onset
C. Lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration
D. Short duration
Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic inflammation involves prolonged
tissue injury with mononuclear cell infiltration.
8. What is the primary electrolyte imbalance in tumor
lysis syndrome?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Hyperuricemia and hyperkalemia
D. Hyponatremia
