NUR 641E Midterm Study Guide
Prodrug - CORRECT ANSWER-An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an
active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability - CORRECT ANSWER-the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is
absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) - CORRECT ANSWER-stable level of drug in the body,
occurs in 5 half lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from system
Pharmacokinetics - CORRECT ANSWER-The process by which drugs are
absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass - CORRECT ANSWER-the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes
through the liver before entering other organs
does not - CORRECT ANSWER-bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
Bioequivalence - CORRECT ANSWER-relative therapeutic effectiveness of
chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - CORRECT ANSWER--chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 - CORRECT ANSWER--enzymes that function to metabolize
potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous
metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
, -affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors
(ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - CORRECT ANSWER-An inducer increases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - CORRECT ANSWER-An inhibitor decreases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel - CORRECT ANSWER-prodrug that must be activated by hepatic
CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the
active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - CORRECT ANSWER-how often a drug is administered
4-5 - CORRECT ANSWER-steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) - CORRECT ANSWER--Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K - CORRECT ANSWER-warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) - CORRECT ANSWER--rapid anticoagulation by binding with
antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA) - CORRECT ANSWER-direct factor Xa inhibitor
parenteral administration - CORRECT ANSWER--directly into systemic circulation
-poor absorption or unstable in GI tract (ex. heparin, insulin), rapid absorption,
unable to take meds PO
-IV, IM, SQ, ID
IV - CORRECT ANSWER--into the vein
Prodrug - CORRECT ANSWER-An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an
active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability - CORRECT ANSWER-the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is
absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) - CORRECT ANSWER-stable level of drug in the body,
occurs in 5 half lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from system
Pharmacokinetics - CORRECT ANSWER-The process by which drugs are
absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass - CORRECT ANSWER-the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes
through the liver before entering other organs
does not - CORRECT ANSWER-bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
Bioequivalence - CORRECT ANSWER-relative therapeutic effectiveness of
chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - CORRECT ANSWER--chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 - CORRECT ANSWER--enzymes that function to metabolize
potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous
metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
, -affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors
(ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - CORRECT ANSWER-An inducer increases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - CORRECT ANSWER-An inhibitor decreases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel - CORRECT ANSWER-prodrug that must be activated by hepatic
CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the
active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - CORRECT ANSWER-how often a drug is administered
4-5 - CORRECT ANSWER-steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) - CORRECT ANSWER--Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K - CORRECT ANSWER-warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) - CORRECT ANSWER--rapid anticoagulation by binding with
antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA) - CORRECT ANSWER-direct factor Xa inhibitor
parenteral administration - CORRECT ANSWER--directly into systemic circulation
-poor absorption or unstable in GI tract (ex. heparin, insulin), rapid absorption,
unable to take meds PO
-IV, IM, SQ, ID
IV - CORRECT ANSWER--into the vein
