Issues and debates
Gender bias
Issue:
Results/ findings by studies affected by
gender
Gender bias – differential treatment / representation of Evaluation:
males and females based on stereotypes and not real
differences - Gender bias could result from institutional
sexism. female psychology students
Androcentrism – theories which are based on males / male outnumber males, but more male senior
standard teachers and researchers – agenda set by
males and female concerns ignored.
- Asch
Alpha bias- exaggerate male and female differences - Eagly and Johnson noted that natural
environment studies found women and men
- Freud where judged more similarly in leadership
Beta bias – ignore / minimise differences between genders styles than found in a lab
- Fight or flight
Universality – theory applies regardless of gender - Not objective: men are favoured due to
expectation of them to do better and be
, Issues and debates
Culture bias
Issue- university v cultural
relativism
Culture bias – tendency to judge people in terms of Evaluation:
ones own cultural assumptions
- Only by developing awareness that
- Schizophrenia (afro Caribbean 7 times more problems can be avoided: US army used IQ
likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia) test before WW1 and African Americans
bottom of scale
Ethnocentrism- seeing the world from one’s own
cultural perspective - Research is unrepresentative and can be
- Factors of attraction in relationships (self- improved by selecting various groups to
disclosure) study
Universality- behaviours apply regardless of culture - Emergence of theories more relevant to
- Asch and Milgram cultures
Cultural relativism- insists that behaviour can be - Distinctions no longer relevant as ability to
taken into account only if cultural context is taken into communicate globally
account
- Asch (study in 1950s when America was
conformist due to McCarthy trials)
Gender bias
Issue:
Results/ findings by studies affected by
gender
Gender bias – differential treatment / representation of Evaluation:
males and females based on stereotypes and not real
differences - Gender bias could result from institutional
sexism. female psychology students
Androcentrism – theories which are based on males / male outnumber males, but more male senior
standard teachers and researchers – agenda set by
males and female concerns ignored.
- Asch
Alpha bias- exaggerate male and female differences - Eagly and Johnson noted that natural
environment studies found women and men
- Freud where judged more similarly in leadership
Beta bias – ignore / minimise differences between genders styles than found in a lab
- Fight or flight
Universality – theory applies regardless of gender - Not objective: men are favoured due to
expectation of them to do better and be
, Issues and debates
Culture bias
Issue- university v cultural
relativism
Culture bias – tendency to judge people in terms of Evaluation:
ones own cultural assumptions
- Only by developing awareness that
- Schizophrenia (afro Caribbean 7 times more problems can be avoided: US army used IQ
likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia) test before WW1 and African Americans
bottom of scale
Ethnocentrism- seeing the world from one’s own
cultural perspective - Research is unrepresentative and can be
- Factors of attraction in relationships (self- improved by selecting various groups to
disclosure) study
Universality- behaviours apply regardless of culture - Emergence of theories more relevant to
- Asch and Milgram cultures
Cultural relativism- insists that behaviour can be - Distinctions no longer relevant as ability to
taken into account only if cultural context is taken into communicate globally
account
- Asch (study in 1950s when America was
conformist due to McCarthy trials)
