Class notes Chemistry Assessment2120

Prepared by: Daudi katyoki Kapungu O’Level Chemistry Notes - 2017 Nanguruwe Secondary school 2 FORM ONE NOTES Introduction to chemistry By Defn: Chemistry is a science that deals with the composition, structure and properties of matter Where: i. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It includes the materials or substances of nature which make up our environment ii. The people who study Chemistry are called chemists. Those who studied Chemistry in ancient times are known as alchemists iii.Science is the scientific study of nature. For example how cooling effect occurs Scientific Subjects In order the subject to be a science subject it should involves experiments and practical work. Chemists have to acquire certain skills in order to be successful. These skills include: i. Careful and thorough observation ii. Accurate recording of what has been observed iii. Organizing the observed and recorded information iv. Repeating tests to make sure observations are accurate v. Forming conclusions from observations vi. Predicting possible outcomes of similar experiments Application of Chemistry Chemistry is an important subject that is applied in different fields such as agriculture, medicine, manufacturing, education, food and beverage industry, home care and cosmetics industry, among others. This means that Chemistry is applied in i. Factories ii. Homes iii.Hospitals iv.Laboratories v. Research centres vi.Universities Products made by application of Chemistry Field product Agriculture Fertilizers, pesticides, weed killers, animal vaccines Medicines Drugs, vaccines, food supplements Home care and cosmetics industry Detergents, beauty products, soaps, shoe polish, toothpaste, disinfectants, insecticides Food and beverage industry Soft drinks, common salt, yeast, baking powder, canned food Manufacturing industry Paints, chemicals, varnishes, cement ,plastics Textile industry Closes, dyes transport Fuels, lubricants, oil, grease, coolants, tyres Importance of Chemistry Chemistry is an important subject due to its application in our daily life. The follows is important of chemistry in various aspect i. Agriculture ii. Food and beverage industry iii. Medicine iv. The manufacturing industry v. Transport vi. Communication vii. Home care products viii. Beauty products Agriculture In a process of growing crops and animal keeping, farmers uses many products made by chemists to get better agricultural yields includes i. Fertilizers – used to improve the quality and quantity of crops and yields respectively ii. Weed killers – are chemical substances used to destroy unwanted plants which harm the crops iii. Pesticides – are chemical substances sprayed or sprinkled on crops to destroy pests that leads low or no yields. Also introduces in animal dips to treat animals from ticks etc iv.Animal vaccines – chemical substance used to protect animal from disease v. Processed animal feeds – animal food which mixed with different nutrients component to improve animal health Food and beverage industry Prepared by: Daudi katyoki Kapungu O’Level Chemistry Notes - 2017 Nanguruwe Secondary school 3 i. Preservation of food especially those canned or bottled example bear, canned maize etc ii. Preparation of certain foods such as bread, cakes and sweet Medicine In medicine field Vaccines (prevent illnesses) and medicines (treat diseases) are Produced chemically The manufacturing industry In industry many material made chemically used to make product. Examples of product are cement, plastic container, textiles, chemicals, rubber and paper