Final Exam Study Questions
In what year were the first steps taken to legalize union activity? - ANS-1872
What are the roots of the stigma surrounding homosexuality in sport? - ANS-The stigma
around homosexuality in sport stems from the notion that sports were created to make
boys into real men; sports were a place of strength, power, speed and combat; essential
in shaping the characteristics of dominant masculinity. In sports, gay men are seen as
the negation of masculinity; when not performing as usual, it is their sexuality that is
called into question.
What are three factors that influence why franchises succeed and fail - ANS--Owner
and management strength
-Pro sports facilities
-Fan support
-Tradition and history
-Globalization
-Marketing power
-Demographics
What were the root causes of labor issues in NASCAR? - ANS-Safety is the main cause
of labor issues in NASCAR. In 1961 drivers wanted better insurance, support for
families of deceased drivers and improved track conditions. In 1969 the concern was
around untested tires and again poor conditions. Racers wanted better safety standards
but NASCAR met their concerns with resistance.
When did unions become legal in Canada? - ANS-1872
What is monopsony? - ANS-It is a market situation in which there is only one buyer
Which is NOT a defining characteristic of sport? - ANS-Mental Game
Who originally handled Arnold Palmer's business inquiries? - ANS-His wife
What are the 4 pillars that define market conditions for success? - ANS--Market size
-Income levels
-A strong corporate presence
-A level playing field - taxes, exchange rate
, Who is Jackie Robinson? - ANS-The first African American to sign a contract in the MLB
in 1947
What is free agency? - ANS-Allows players to explore options of moving to another
team with little or no financial penalty
How did the MLBPA initially make money as a business? - ANS-Had a deal with
Coca-Cola for player names under bottle caps and trading card companies using player
likeness as a commodity
Who do unions tend to protect? - ANS-Unions protect current members as opposed to
new younger player entrants. They have done this with veteran contracts being very
appealing to organizations often with a percentage of salary paid out of a veteran fund.
Is the OHL considered professional league? - ANS-The NCAA considers the OHL a
professional league and as a result, players who opt for the OHL cannot pursue
collegiate hockey in the NCAA as player now have "professional experience" where
NCAA is referred to as amateur league.
What is the reserve clause? - ANS-Once a player signed with a team, that team had all
the players rights. It guaranteed a club a players service for as long as they wished.
Players could not earn market value. Without a union the players had to accept the
wages they were given.
What are the advantages of the reserve clause? - ANS-Employment stability, wage
stability, player development, and no competition for star players
What are the disadvantages of not having a union? - ANS-No healthcare benefits, no
pension, treated as "pieces of property", and inadequate wages
What is a Luxury Tax? - ANS-A luxury tax is a tax that is determined in the CBA
(Collective Bargaining Agreement) that is applied to the teams that spend over the cap
on player salaries. The taxes collected are then shared with teams across the leagues
that don't have high payrolls
Who is Marvin Miller? - ANS-Marvin Miller was the executive director of the MLBPA in
1966. He started the most influential union in sports and broke the reverse clause
components of MLB player contracts. He began the era of free agency and gave
players the opportunity to thrive in the media heavy explosion in professional sports.
In what year were the first steps taken to legalize union activity? - ANS-1872
What are the roots of the stigma surrounding homosexuality in sport? - ANS-The stigma
around homosexuality in sport stems from the notion that sports were created to make
boys into real men; sports were a place of strength, power, speed and combat; essential
in shaping the characteristics of dominant masculinity. In sports, gay men are seen as
the negation of masculinity; when not performing as usual, it is their sexuality that is
called into question.
What are three factors that influence why franchises succeed and fail - ANS--Owner
and management strength
-Pro sports facilities
-Fan support
-Tradition and history
-Globalization
-Marketing power
-Demographics
What were the root causes of labor issues in NASCAR? - ANS-Safety is the main cause
of labor issues in NASCAR. In 1961 drivers wanted better insurance, support for
families of deceased drivers and improved track conditions. In 1969 the concern was
around untested tires and again poor conditions. Racers wanted better safety standards
but NASCAR met their concerns with resistance.
When did unions become legal in Canada? - ANS-1872
What is monopsony? - ANS-It is a market situation in which there is only one buyer
Which is NOT a defining characteristic of sport? - ANS-Mental Game
Who originally handled Arnold Palmer's business inquiries? - ANS-His wife
What are the 4 pillars that define market conditions for success? - ANS--Market size
-Income levels
-A strong corporate presence
-A level playing field - taxes, exchange rate
, Who is Jackie Robinson? - ANS-The first African American to sign a contract in the MLB
in 1947
What is free agency? - ANS-Allows players to explore options of moving to another
team with little or no financial penalty
How did the MLBPA initially make money as a business? - ANS-Had a deal with
Coca-Cola for player names under bottle caps and trading card companies using player
likeness as a commodity
Who do unions tend to protect? - ANS-Unions protect current members as opposed to
new younger player entrants. They have done this with veteran contracts being very
appealing to organizations often with a percentage of salary paid out of a veteran fund.
Is the OHL considered professional league? - ANS-The NCAA considers the OHL a
professional league and as a result, players who opt for the OHL cannot pursue
collegiate hockey in the NCAA as player now have "professional experience" where
NCAA is referred to as amateur league.
What is the reserve clause? - ANS-Once a player signed with a team, that team had all
the players rights. It guaranteed a club a players service for as long as they wished.
Players could not earn market value. Without a union the players had to accept the
wages they were given.
What are the advantages of the reserve clause? - ANS-Employment stability, wage
stability, player development, and no competition for star players
What are the disadvantages of not having a union? - ANS-No healthcare benefits, no
pension, treated as "pieces of property", and inadequate wages
What is a Luxury Tax? - ANS-A luxury tax is a tax that is determined in the CBA
(Collective Bargaining Agreement) that is applied to the teams that spend over the cap
on player salaries. The taxes collected are then shared with teams across the leagues
that don't have high payrolls
Who is Marvin Miller? - ANS-Marvin Miller was the executive director of the MLBPA in
1966. He started the most influential union in sports and broke the reverse clause
components of MLB player contracts. He began the era of free agency and gave
players the opportunity to thrive in the media heavy explosion in professional sports.
