Dear Students,
If you are aspiring for a distinguished career in Medical field, you can’t do anything
better than joining Takshila, a peerless, pioneering institution imparting quality
education for more than two decades.
We provide excellent course material, experienced and committed faculties and
management who have the reputation of building Takshila Institute into the most
trusted institution in the area of preparing students for competitive entrance
examinations, for admission in professional courses in India. That’s not all, we
diligently design the curriculum and compile the course material based on extensive
analysis of competitive exams as well as school curriculum over the years and the
latest developments in all the subjects.
I am certain you will take the golden step while planning your career move.
Best wishes,
N.K Gupta
(Managing Director)
Takshila Academy (P) Ltd.
TAKSHILA INSTITUTE 1
Corporate Off : D-11/148, Sec-8, (Opp. Metro Pillar 390), Rohini-110085 Ph:- 011-47155238, 9310378303, 9868445900
, “Takshila Institute is the brain child
of an Eminent Mathematician, Dreams
of veteran professors of Physics and
Chemistry and an emotion of a Leading
Medico. It is the only institute where
core faculty members are in Chemical
bonding with each other”.
Copyright reserved with TAKSHILA INSTITUTE (Unit of Takshila Academy (P) Ltd.)
This booklet or its part may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or
mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without the
written permission from TAKSHILA INSTITUTE. Any infringements will be strictly dealtwith.
Published by TAKSHILA INSTITUTE for Private Circulation only. D-11/148, Sec-8, (Opp. Metro Pillar 390), Rohini-85
Ph:- 011- 47155238, 9310378303, 9868445900
Information contained in this book is derived from respected faculty members though every effort has been made to ensure accuracy. The publisher nor printer does not take any responsibility or liability
for any inconvenience expenses. loss or damage to anyone resulting from contents of this book. If any doubt should be clarified with respective subject faculty expert.
2 TAKSHILA INSTITUTE
Corporate Off : D-11/148, Sec-8, (Opp. Metro Pillar 390), Rohini-110085 Ph:- 011-47155238, 9310378303, 9868445900
, MEDICAL MODULE - 6
CHEMISTRY – CLASS XI
(CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND IONIC EQUILIBRIUM)
CONTENTS
Topics Particulars Page No.
Chapter 1. Chemical Equilibrium ........................................................ 4 - 46
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4
2. Chemical Equilibrium and Active Mass ........................................................................... 6
3. Law of Mass Action or Law of Chemical Equilibrium ........................................................ 8
4. Reaction Quotient (Q) ..................................................................................................... 15
5. Application of Law of Mass Action ................................................................................... 16
6. Le-chatelier’s Principle .................................................................................................. 21
7. Application of Le-Chatelier's Principle ........................................................................... 22
8. Calculation of Degree of Dissociation by Vapour Density Measurement ....................... 24
9. Unsolved Exercise .......................................................................................................... 26
10. Answers ......................................................................................................................... 46
Chapter 2. Ionic Equilibrium ............................................................ 47 - 102
1. Arrhenius Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation ................................................................ 47
2. Ostwald’s Dilution Law ................................................................................................... 48
3. Concepts of Acids and Bases .......................................................................................... 49
4. Ionic Product of Water .................................................................................................... 53
5. Acidity and pH Scale ....................................................................................................... 54
6. Salt Hydrolysis ............................................................................................................... 61
7. Buffer Solutions ............................................................................................................. 69
8. Solubility, Molar Solubility and Solubility Product .......................................................... 73
9. Common Ion Effect ......................................................................................................... 79
10. Selective Precipitation ................................................................................................... 81
11. Indicators ....................................................................................................................... 82
12. Unsolved Exercise .......................................................................................................... 85
13. Answers ....................................................................................................................... 101
TAKSHILA INSTITUTE 3
Corporate Off : D-11/148, Sec-8, (Opp. Metro Pillar 390), Rohini-110085 Ph:- 011-47155238, 9310378303, 9868445900
, CHAPTER
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
1
1. INTRODUCTION
A. CHEMICAL REACTION : Symbolic representation of any chemical change in terms of reactants and
products is called chemical reaction.
Types of chemical reaction :
(a) On the basis of physical state
Homogeneous reaction Heterogeneous reaction
All reactants and products are in same phase. Reactants and products are in two or more
phases.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) Zn(s) + CO 2(g) ZnO(s) + CO(g)
(b) On the basis of direction
Reversible reac on Irreversible reac on
(i) Chemical reac on in which products can be Chemical reac on in which products cannot be
converted back into reactants. converted back into reactants.
N2+ 3H 2 2NH3 AgNO3+ NaCl AgCl + NaNO 3
3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2 NaCl + H2SO 4 NaHSO4 + HCl
H2 + I2 2HI Zn + H2SO 4 ZnSO4+ H2
(ii) Proceed in forward as well as backward Proceed only in one direc on (forward
direc on. direc on)
(iii) Possible in closed container Generally possible in open container
(iv) These a ain equilibrium These do not a ain equilibrium
(v) Reactants are never completely converted Reactants are nearly completely converted into
into products products
(vi) Generally thermal dissocia ons are held in Generally thermal decomposi ons are held in
closed vessel. open vessel.
(1) PCl5(g) Pcl3(g) + Cl2(g) 2KClO3(s) 2KCl (s) + 3O 2(g)
(2) 2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)
(vii) Neutralisa on reac on except strong acid Neutralisa on reac on of strong acid and
and weak base. strong base.
Hcl + NH4OH NH4Cl + H 2O Hcl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
(c) On the basis of speed
Fast reaction Slow reaction
(i) Generally these reactions are ionic reactions. Generally these reactions are molecular
reactions
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H 2O H2 + I2 2H I
Acid Base Salt Water
(ii) Rate determination is impossible. Rate determination is possible.
4 TAKSHILA INSTITUTE
Corporate Off : D-11/148, Sec-8, (Opp. Metro Pillar 390), Rohini-110085 Ph:- 011-47155238, 9310378303, 9868445900
If you are aspiring for a distinguished career in Medical field, you can’t do anything
better than joining Takshila, a peerless, pioneering institution imparting quality
education for more than two decades.
We provide excellent course material, experienced and committed faculties and
management who have the reputation of building Takshila Institute into the most
trusted institution in the area of preparing students for competitive entrance
examinations, for admission in professional courses in India. That’s not all, we
diligently design the curriculum and compile the course material based on extensive
analysis of competitive exams as well as school curriculum over the years and the
latest developments in all the subjects.
I am certain you will take the golden step while planning your career move.
Best wishes,
N.K Gupta
(Managing Director)
Takshila Academy (P) Ltd.
TAKSHILA INSTITUTE 1
Corporate Off : D-11/148, Sec-8, (Opp. Metro Pillar 390), Rohini-110085 Ph:- 011-47155238, 9310378303, 9868445900
, “Takshila Institute is the brain child
of an Eminent Mathematician, Dreams
of veteran professors of Physics and
Chemistry and an emotion of a Leading
Medico. It is the only institute where
core faculty members are in Chemical
bonding with each other”.
Copyright reserved with TAKSHILA INSTITUTE (Unit of Takshila Academy (P) Ltd.)
This booklet or its part may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or
mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without the
written permission from TAKSHILA INSTITUTE. Any infringements will be strictly dealtwith.
Published by TAKSHILA INSTITUTE for Private Circulation only. D-11/148, Sec-8, (Opp. Metro Pillar 390), Rohini-85
Ph:- 011- 47155238, 9310378303, 9868445900
Information contained in this book is derived from respected faculty members though every effort has been made to ensure accuracy. The publisher nor printer does not take any responsibility or liability
for any inconvenience expenses. loss or damage to anyone resulting from contents of this book. If any doubt should be clarified with respective subject faculty expert.
2 TAKSHILA INSTITUTE
Corporate Off : D-11/148, Sec-8, (Opp. Metro Pillar 390), Rohini-110085 Ph:- 011-47155238, 9310378303, 9868445900
, MEDICAL MODULE - 6
CHEMISTRY – CLASS XI
(CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND IONIC EQUILIBRIUM)
CONTENTS
Topics Particulars Page No.
Chapter 1. Chemical Equilibrium ........................................................ 4 - 46
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4
2. Chemical Equilibrium and Active Mass ........................................................................... 6
3. Law of Mass Action or Law of Chemical Equilibrium ........................................................ 8
4. Reaction Quotient (Q) ..................................................................................................... 15
5. Application of Law of Mass Action ................................................................................... 16
6. Le-chatelier’s Principle .................................................................................................. 21
7. Application of Le-Chatelier's Principle ........................................................................... 22
8. Calculation of Degree of Dissociation by Vapour Density Measurement ....................... 24
9. Unsolved Exercise .......................................................................................................... 26
10. Answers ......................................................................................................................... 46
Chapter 2. Ionic Equilibrium ............................................................ 47 - 102
1. Arrhenius Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation ................................................................ 47
2. Ostwald’s Dilution Law ................................................................................................... 48
3. Concepts of Acids and Bases .......................................................................................... 49
4. Ionic Product of Water .................................................................................................... 53
5. Acidity and pH Scale ....................................................................................................... 54
6. Salt Hydrolysis ............................................................................................................... 61
7. Buffer Solutions ............................................................................................................. 69
8. Solubility, Molar Solubility and Solubility Product .......................................................... 73
9. Common Ion Effect ......................................................................................................... 79
10. Selective Precipitation ................................................................................................... 81
11. Indicators ....................................................................................................................... 82
12. Unsolved Exercise .......................................................................................................... 85
13. Answers ....................................................................................................................... 101
TAKSHILA INSTITUTE 3
Corporate Off : D-11/148, Sec-8, (Opp. Metro Pillar 390), Rohini-110085 Ph:- 011-47155238, 9310378303, 9868445900
, CHAPTER
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
1
1. INTRODUCTION
A. CHEMICAL REACTION : Symbolic representation of any chemical change in terms of reactants and
products is called chemical reaction.
Types of chemical reaction :
(a) On the basis of physical state
Homogeneous reaction Heterogeneous reaction
All reactants and products are in same phase. Reactants and products are in two or more
phases.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) Zn(s) + CO 2(g) ZnO(s) + CO(g)
(b) On the basis of direction
Reversible reac on Irreversible reac on
(i) Chemical reac on in which products can be Chemical reac on in which products cannot be
converted back into reactants. converted back into reactants.
N2+ 3H 2 2NH3 AgNO3+ NaCl AgCl + NaNO 3
3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2 NaCl + H2SO 4 NaHSO4 + HCl
H2 + I2 2HI Zn + H2SO 4 ZnSO4+ H2
(ii) Proceed in forward as well as backward Proceed only in one direc on (forward
direc on. direc on)
(iii) Possible in closed container Generally possible in open container
(iv) These a ain equilibrium These do not a ain equilibrium
(v) Reactants are never completely converted Reactants are nearly completely converted into
into products products
(vi) Generally thermal dissocia ons are held in Generally thermal decomposi ons are held in
closed vessel. open vessel.
(1) PCl5(g) Pcl3(g) + Cl2(g) 2KClO3(s) 2KCl (s) + 3O 2(g)
(2) 2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)
(vii) Neutralisa on reac on except strong acid Neutralisa on reac on of strong acid and
and weak base. strong base.
Hcl + NH4OH NH4Cl + H 2O Hcl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
(c) On the basis of speed
Fast reaction Slow reaction
(i) Generally these reactions are ionic reactions. Generally these reactions are molecular
reactions
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H 2O H2 + I2 2H I
Acid Base Salt Water
(ii) Rate determination is impossible. Rate determination is possible.
4 TAKSHILA INSTITUTE
Corporate Off : D-11/148, Sec-8, (Opp. Metro Pillar 390), Rohini-110085 Ph:- 011-47155238, 9310378303, 9868445900
