HIEU 2031 Terms Questions and Answers Graded A+

HIEU 2031 Terms Questions and Answers Graded A+ Franchthi caves A cave in southeastern Greece, was inhabited almost continuously from c. 20,00-3000 B.C, has enabled Archeologists to reconstruct life in Greece from the stone age to the early Bronze Age. Heinrich Schleimann Father of modern archeology A wealthy German businessman turned archaeologist, discovered city of troy (1871), believed Trojan war happened exactly as told in the Iliad Linear A What: An undeciphered writing system of Ancient Greece Who: Minoan Script (Discovered by Evans) Where: First found in Knossos When: Developed in 1900 BC Significance: Origin of Linear B, which was used by the Mycenaeans Micheal Ventris What: Cracked the code to the Linear B tablets Who: British linguist and cryptoleger Where: From Britain, studied tablets from Mycenaeans When: 1952 Significance: proved Greek was the language of the Mycenaeans and Mycenaeans adapted Cretan Linear A script for their own Greek Language Linear B What: Pictographic writing Who: Mycenaeans Where: Greece, Mycenae When: Late Bronze age (1450 BC) Significance: Describes life in Prehistoric Greece and is the earliest attested form of Greek Tholos tomb What: Beehive shaped graves that were built into hillsides Who: Reserved for Mycenaean elite Where: Originated in Minoan Crete When: Used in Mycenae in third millemum Significance: The opulent graves suggest growing power and resources of the Mycenaean elite and International influence. Pylos What: Largest mini state of the Mycenaean period Who: Nestor had a Palace there Where: Western Coast of Peloponnese Peninsula When: Palaces built after 1400 BC Significance: Nestor was a wise old hero in the Homeric epics, he represented wise counsel which the Greeks valued. Chariot Chariot What: Horse drawn platform with wheels Who: Armies and aristocrats Where: Popular in Egypt When: Appeared in Greece in 1600 BC Significance: Revolutionized warfare although its use in Greece is debated because of the terrain. At the least it was a symbol of high status. Thebes What: City State Who: Mycenaeans Where: North of Attica When: Destroyed in 1200 BC Significance: It was destroyed by unknown causes like many other City states in the 1200s, suggests a perplexing end the Mycenaean civilizations. Illiad What: The story of the Trojan War Who: Homer, Achilles, Hector, Agamemnon Where: Troy When: Trojan War (12th century BC) Significance: Describes Homeric timē, or what the Ancient Greeks valued most, influences the Greek aristocratic ideals for generations to come Achaens What: Those who fought Troy in Trojan War Who: Peloponnesian Greeks Where: Sailed to Troy When: 1200 BC Significance: Conquered Troy, the story of the Iliad is written and much of Greek history is derived from it. Nestor What: Gives Council to Achilles and Agamemnon Who: An aged and wise Warrior Where: originally from Pylos When: During the Trojan War (1200 BC) Significance: Shows how much the Greeks admire diplomacy and wisdom, wise councilor Homer What: traditionally greatest Greek poet Where: Ionian from Smyrna or Chios When: 750-720 BC Significance: Composed the Epic poems that illustrate what Ancient Greeks valued, influence Greek ideals for centuries to come Minonan What: Aegean civilization Who: named after Minos, the king of Knossos Where: Crete When: Bronze Age ( BC) Civilization Significance:with their unique art and architecture, the Minoans made a significant contribution to the development of Western European civilization as it is known today. Thera What: A volcanic island Who: Inhabited by Minoans Where: Aegean Island When: Eruption in 1628 BC Significance: The Volcanic Ash preserves an unparalleled picture of Minoan town life. Mycenae Home of Menelaus What: Major Greek City Who: Agamemnon was king Where: Close to Tiryns, dominated southern Greece When: Peaked in 1300s BC Significance: The Mycenaean Period represents and Greek ancestors regard it as a nearly mythical world. Excavated by Schliemann Megaron What: Large rectangular hall that was the focus of palaces Who: Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations Where: Mycenae and Crete When: Significance: Many were burned down during the collapse of the Mycenaean Civilization Wanax What: The "King" Who: Any leader of a Polis Where: Mycenaean Greece When: Used in Homeric Epics Significance: Suggests a Hierarchal society Tiryns What: City state Who: Mycenaeans Where: Very close to Argos When: Palace was built after 1400 BC Significance: The building of such a formidable fortress suggests a hierarchical society in the Mycenaean era. Athens What: Legendary City State. The first settlement of Athens 3000 BC was situated on the rock of Acropolis. According to the tradition, Athens was founded, when the king Theseus united in a state several settlements of Attica. The last king of ancient Athens was Kodros, who sacrificed his life in order to save the homeland. Significance: A center of philosophers and academics Odyssey Epic poem written by Homer detailing the return home from troy by the hero Odysseus Hector What: Trojan Hero in the Iliad Who: Prince of Troy Where: Troy When: Trojan War 1200 BC Significance: Killed by Achilles and is desecrated because of the law of the conservation of timē - it cannot be created or destroyed, only taken Achilles What: Homeric Hero Who: Greatest warrior of Greece Where: Fought Hector at Troy When: Trojan War 1200 BC Significance: He argues with Agamemnon about the types of timē, inborn and acquired and kills Hector. Odysseus What: The cunning hero in The Odyssey Who: King of Ithaca Where: Travels to Ithaca via the Aegean Sea When: Takes place in the 12th Century BC (after the Trojan War Significance: A Homeric Hero who reinforces the concept of timē and a way to acquire it (cunning). Indo-Europeans What: A language family that the first Greek speakers belonged to Who: A common linguistic ancestor Where: May have originated in anatolia When: Greek replaced other languages be Late Bronze Age (1600 BC) Significance: Suggests Indo Europeans were populous or good at conquering other lands. Knossos What: Largest Bronze Age archaeological site of Crete Who: Discovered by Arthur Evans Where: Crete When: Excavated in 1900 Significance: Ceremonial and Political center of Minoan Culture Shaft Graves What: Deep rectangular pits that bodies were thrown into Who: Discovered by Schliemann Where: Mycenae When: BC Significance: The valuables in the graves suggest extensive trade (with Egypt, Crete, Mesopotamia) On the mainland, the 16th-cent. shafts of Grave Circle A at Mycenae were surmounted by limestone steles showing battles and hunts from chariots, Messenia What: A territory Who: Prosper during the Mycenaean Civilization Where: Sparta eventually settles here, region of the Peloponnese where Pylos is located When: Golden Age during from Significance: Spartans press the people into Helotry (somewhere between 743 B.C. and 710 B.C) Pasireu Used for various ruling peoples in greek society, such as princesses or suitors Agamemnon What: Homeric Leader of Achaeans Who: King of Mycenae Where: Mycenae When: During the Trojan war (12th century BC) Significance:He and Achilles argued over types of timē - Inborn and acquired Troy What: Ilios Who: Ionians Where: Asia Minor When: Destroyed in the Iliad (1200 BC) Significance: Stole Helen and started the trojan war for which we derive much of ancient greek history Dorian Invasion What: Explanation for the collapse of the Mycenaean Civilization Who: Sons of Heracles in the north Where: Invade Peloponnesian Peninsula When: 1200s Significance: Would explain the difference between Dorian and Ionian Greeks and the lack of new evidence. There was also a narrative story about Dorians. Standard tradition, e.g. Thucydides 1. 12, held that the Dorians were newcomers who subjected the Achaeans (see Achaea) when they arrived in Greece and especially the Peloponnese c.80 years after Troy fell, an event put not long before 1200 bc at Thucydides 5. 112 (a speech). Ephorus put the Dorians' arrival rather later, in 1069. For the romantic story of their arrival, which Greeks called the 'Return of the Heraclidae', see Heraclidae. Archaeological evidence is hard to reconcile with all this, especially because in Sparta the break in the pottery record comes c.900 bc, and this is too late for the legends, which may therefore not be chronologically usable. A compromise position (Desborough) puts the main Dorian invasion c.1200 but the (secondary) occupation of the Peloponnese by newcomers in the late 11th cent. Basileus "King" (chieftain, ruler) in 1080 BC = Good King Codrus, last king in Athens -appears in Homer and Hesiod's work -Regional chiefdoms: local basileis and the paramount basileus -2 necessary skills: skill in battle and ability to persuade -must display generosity -fragile authority in low-level chieftainship -last remnant of monarchy in Athens = archon basileus -Good King Codrus = last semi-mythical king of Athens