HIEU 2041 Final Questions and Answers 2024

HIEU 2041 Final Questions and Answers 2024 imperator emperor, after Augustus established empire this was the title generally given to the emperor. imperium maius the power to overrule or veto the actions of an imperator, sometimes attributed to magistrates or pro magistrates in 23 B.C. Augustus was granted maius imperium in all provinces, constituting the basic powers of the princeps from that time forth legati augusti pro praetore Official title of governor of an imperial province during Roman Empire. Usually for a larger province in which legions were based. Arminius Chief of Germanic alliance, assasinated by other germanic chiefs in 21 AD. Ambushed and defeated three Roman legions at the Battle of Teotuburg Forest Augustus First emperor of Rome. Lived from 63 BC until 14 AD. One the most effective leaders in Rome's history. Greatly increased empire's size, added provinces such as Egypt and Dalmatia. Praetorian Guard Elite unit of army whose members served as bodyguards to the emperor. Disbanded by Constantine in 312. Heavily involved in politics and used their influence to remove and promote new people to emperor. princeps emperor, first citizen. Title given to Augustus and used by subsequent emperors until Diocletian. Augustus adopted the title in 23 BC. Gaius and Lucius Grandsons of Augustus who he raised as his own sons and heirs to the empire. Both died young and the heir had to be changed to Tiberius. Died in 2 AD and 4 AD. tribunicia potestas Translates to tribunician power. Given to Augustus in 23 BC, before this the tribunate power was held annually, but it was given to Augustus for life. city prefect In charge of maintaining order within Rome. Rome's police force was under their command as was the praetorian guard. By 14 AD city prefect was in charge of Roman police and fire protection. Julia the Elder Died in 14 AD, daughter of Augustus. In 2 BC she was arrested for adultery and exiled from Rome. Never returned to Rome. Ovid Poet who lived during time of Augustus. Wrote the epic Metamorpheses and was exiled from Rome mysteriously. Died in 17/18 AD Julian Laws of Marriage Augustus' attempt at social reform in 18 BC. Adultery made punishable by death and men had to marry. Done to stop rampant adultery and extravagance while also promoting the restoration of family life and marriage within the empire. M. Marcellus Nephew of Augustus, married to Julia the Elder. Died of illness in 23 BC Livia Wife of Augustus throughout his reign as emperor. Pushed her two sons not from Augustus, Tiberius and Drusus into power. Her son Tiberius became emperor in 14 AD. Died in 29 AD Vergil Roman poet who died in 19 BC. Wrote the Aeneid his greatest work and one of the greatest works of Latin in history. Couldn't finish the book before he died and Augustus ordered it to be published with no edits Tiberius Designated successor by Augustus took hold of the empire in 14 AD, steadily became corrupted by the power of his position and died in 37 AD. Not considered a very good emperor and Roman historians generally regarded him as a tyrant. Germanicus Prominent general in the Roman empire. Known for his campaigns in Germania, while in Syria he came into conflict with another general by the name of Piso and died of illness in 19 AD. Was Tiberius' heir before his death. Sejanus An advisor and friend to the emperor Tiberius. Served as praetorian prefect and gradually increased his influence over Tiberius, eventually came out he was trying to take the princeps from Tiberius and he was executed in 31 AD. Agrippinna the Elder Wife of Germanicus, after his death she openly accused the emperor Tiberius of being responsible for Tiberius' death and attempted to have her children named as successors to the empire. Exiled by Sejanus and died in 33 AD. Gaius Caligula Tiberius adopted his as his grandson and named him heir. He was the last surviving son of Germanicus and became emperor in 37 AD following Tiberius' death. Soon came to light that he was a megalomaniac and he was assassinated in 41 AD. Claudius Following Caligula's death he was found by the Praetorian Guard to be the last surviving Julio-Claudian and they named him emperor. Likely poisoned by Agrippina the Younger in 54 AD when he died. Messalina Third wife of the emperor Claudius she allegedly conspired against her husband and was executed for it in 48 AD. She also married another senator while still married to Claudius which in part led to her execution. Agrippina the Younger Married Claudius after the death of Messalina and got Claudius to adopt her son Nero. She greatly wanted Nero to become emperor and convinced Claudius to name him as his successor. Was later executed by Nero in 59 AD, was said she poisoned Claudius in 54 AD. Nero Adopted by Claudius and succeeded him in 54 AD at only 16 years old following his death. Generally thought of as a tyrant, had his mother killed in 59 AD. Greatly wanted to be a performer and thought little of governance. Committed suicide in 68 AD. Judaea Made a Roman province in 6 AD. Constant unrest in the province due to cultural differences between Jews and those around them. Rebelled from 66-70 AD and were eventually defeated in 70 AD and put under control of an imperial legate (general). maiestas Term distinguishing someone for their power or greatness. Later became charge brought about for people accused for treason as they were challenging someone's maiestas. Those charged with treason were often subjected to the death penalty. Domitian Brother of Titus and became emperor after his death in 81 AD. Put measures in place to fix currency and Roman defenses. Started construction of colosseum but was murdered in 96 AD after he spent years going after claimed conspirators. Decebalus United the Dacians against the Romans and gave them great losses. Eventually came to terms with Domitian in 90 AD which stopped barbarian pressure on provinces around the Danube for the time being. Agricola General responsible for much of the conquest of Britain. Named governor of Britain in 77 AD. Father in law of Tacitus. L. Annaeus Seneca Served as tutor to Nero beginning in 49 AD and later served as an advisor to Nero once he became emperor. Forced to commit suicide after accusations he was part of a plot to overthrow Nero in 65 AD. Galba Nero's successor and first emperor during the year of four emperors from 68-69 AD. Quickly angered other prominent Romans and Otho took the princeps from him killing him in 69 AD. Boadicea A queen in Britain, led a revolt against the Romans, destroyed towns and killed thousands of Romans. A roman legion was defeated before the insurgency was stopped and she committed suicide in 60 AD. Julius Vindex Legate of Lugdunensis who led a revolt against Rome due to excessive taxation of his province, Galba joined his rebellion and the sought to get rid of Nero. Committed suicide later in 68 AD after his army was slaughtered. Otho Declared himself emperor after assassination of Galba in 69 AD. He and his army defeated outside Rome by Vitellius later in 69 AD. Vitellius Served as governor of lower Germany got 4 legions on his side in order to defeat Otho and become emperor. Angered the aristocracy by ransacking Italian countryside and falls out of favor in 69 AD. Vespasian Last person with a claim to the throne. Defeated Vitellius and obtained the title of princeps from the Senate. Takes over in 70 AD beginning the Flavian dynasty. Titus Emperor from 79-81 AD. Succeeded his father Vespasian after his death. Gained fame as a general during the First Judaean War and received a triumph for his victory during the Siege of Jerusalem. The Jewish War People of Judaea rebelled from 66-70 AD after Jews were denied Roman citizenship and later massacred by Greeks. Ended with the siege of Jerusalem led by Titus. Zealots Extremist groups of Jews in Judaea who aimed to liberate the Jewish people from Roman control. Helped develop animosity in Judaea towards the Romans prior to the break out of Jewish War in 66 AD. procurator Title given to the chief financial officer of a province during the principate (30 BC- 284 AD). Worked alongside imperial governor, but reported directly to the emperor. canabae Refers to the civilian settlements that grew around legionary forts throughout the empire. Fiscus Translates to chest. Places where tax from a province was collected. These chests were controlled by procurators. Hadrian established a fiscus in Rome which could be directly controlled by the emperor. tributa taxes patrimonium Refers to the personal wealth of emperors. Created during Augustus' reign to hold inheritance of royal house. vectigalia General term for the revenues of the Roman state. auxiliaries Non-Roman fighters, largely recruited from non-citizens of the empire. As the empire continued these people made up a larger portion of Roman army. curia Public assembly in which public issues and decisions were decided upon. Towns throughout the empire had these councils Limes Referred to the walls at the boundary of the empire in various locations. Notable ones included the wall along Upper Germany to protect from barbarians.