Epidemiology Test 2
- ✅✅-
✅✅
A change and variation in disease in the population being studied as it moves
through time is the: - -Cohort effect
✅✅
A type of data measured in unrestricted measurable quantities is: -
-Continuous
AD/BC = - ✅✅-Odds Ratio
✅✅
An extrinsic factor that changes the level of association between an exposure
and a disease outcome is the: - -Effect modifier
analytic experimental studies - ✅✅-a portion of the participants are assigned
the intervention
analytic observational studies - ✅✅ -researchers observe relationships
between variables
- Case-control studies
Cohort (prospective and retrospective) studies
Analytic Study - ✅✅-attempts to answer why and how a health-related state
or event occurred
Tests specific a priori hypotheses
"from the earlier" (Latin)
A priori knowledge or justification is independent of experience
Comparison group
✅✅
Analyzing and interpreting a disease or health-related state over time is a
fundamental aspect of this. - -descriptive epidemiology
Bias -✅✅ -- Systematic error in the collection or interpretation of
epidemiologic data
- Results in inaccurate (over or under) estimation of the association between
exposure and disease
, - Avoiding bias at the design stage of a study is paramount because of the
difficulty identifying and accounting for it later
Bias in Cohort Studies - ✅✅-Selection bias
- Healthy worker effect
- Loss to follow-up
Case Control Studies - ✅✅ -The outcome is always identified prior to the
exposure
- Identify cases (persons experiencing a health-related state or event)
- Identify controls (similar except not cases)
- Investigate whether the cases are more or less likely than controls to have
had past experiences, lifestyle behaviors, or exposures
Case Report - ✅✅-involves a profile of a single individual
Case Series - ✅✅-involves a small group of patients with a similar diagnosis
Case-Crossover Study Design - ✅✅-- Compares the exposure status of a
case immediately before its occurrence with that of the same case at a prior
time
- appropriate where individual exposures are intermittent, wherein the disease
occurs abruptly and the incubation period for detection and the induction
period are short
Cohort Effect - ✅✅-Also called generation effect
The change and variation in the disease or health status of a study population
as the study group moves through time
Cohort effects include any exposure or influence, from environmental effects
to societal changes
Cohort Studies - ✅✅ -- In epidemiology, it generally refers to a group of
persons being studied who were born in the same year or period
- As time passes, the group moves through different and successive periods of
life; as the group ages, changes can be seen in the health and vital statistics
of the group
- ✅✅-
✅✅
A change and variation in disease in the population being studied as it moves
through time is the: - -Cohort effect
✅✅
A type of data measured in unrestricted measurable quantities is: -
-Continuous
AD/BC = - ✅✅-Odds Ratio
✅✅
An extrinsic factor that changes the level of association between an exposure
and a disease outcome is the: - -Effect modifier
analytic experimental studies - ✅✅-a portion of the participants are assigned
the intervention
analytic observational studies - ✅✅ -researchers observe relationships
between variables
- Case-control studies
Cohort (prospective and retrospective) studies
Analytic Study - ✅✅-attempts to answer why and how a health-related state
or event occurred
Tests specific a priori hypotheses
"from the earlier" (Latin)
A priori knowledge or justification is independent of experience
Comparison group
✅✅
Analyzing and interpreting a disease or health-related state over time is a
fundamental aspect of this. - -descriptive epidemiology
Bias -✅✅ -- Systematic error in the collection or interpretation of
epidemiologic data
- Results in inaccurate (over or under) estimation of the association between
exposure and disease
, - Avoiding bias at the design stage of a study is paramount because of the
difficulty identifying and accounting for it later
Bias in Cohort Studies - ✅✅-Selection bias
- Healthy worker effect
- Loss to follow-up
Case Control Studies - ✅✅ -The outcome is always identified prior to the
exposure
- Identify cases (persons experiencing a health-related state or event)
- Identify controls (similar except not cases)
- Investigate whether the cases are more or less likely than controls to have
had past experiences, lifestyle behaviors, or exposures
Case Report - ✅✅-involves a profile of a single individual
Case Series - ✅✅-involves a small group of patients with a similar diagnosis
Case-Crossover Study Design - ✅✅-- Compares the exposure status of a
case immediately before its occurrence with that of the same case at a prior
time
- appropriate where individual exposures are intermittent, wherein the disease
occurs abruptly and the incubation period for detection and the induction
period are short
Cohort Effect - ✅✅-Also called generation effect
The change and variation in the disease or health status of a study population
as the study group moves through time
Cohort effects include any exposure or influence, from environmental effects
to societal changes
Cohort Studies - ✅✅ -- In epidemiology, it generally refers to a group of
persons being studied who were born in the same year or period
- As time passes, the group moves through different and successive periods of
life; as the group ages, changes can be seen in the health and vital statistics
of the group
