WMST 1110E: Module 2
a structure of relationships that analyzes a continuous spectrum of people, in order to
show how gender is organized and experienced differently through sexual, racial/ethnic,
social class, physical abilities, age, and national citizenship differences - ANS-What is
the "prism of difference" as presented by Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner in "Gender Through the Prism of Difference"?
women's studies focused on the differences between women and men rather than
among women and men; led scholars to overgeneralize, Women and men were cast as
opposites, (Essentialism, simply put, is the notion that women's and men's attributes
and indeed women and men themselves are categorically different.), - ANS-Describe
the framework of early women's studies. How did it limit the study of gender?
the historical and systematic denial of rights and privileges based on
other differences as well. - ANS-women were not victimized by gender alone but by
__________
- what we think of as "masculinity" is not a fixed, biological essence of men, but rather is
a social construction that shifts and
changes over time as well as between and among various national and cultural contexts
- power is central to understanding gender as a relational construct,
and the dominant definition of masculinity is largely about expressing difference
from—and superiority over—anything considered "feminine."
- there is no singular "male sex role." Rather, at any given time there are
various masculinities
- When race, social class, sexual orientation, physical abilities,
immigrant, or national status are taken into account, we can see that in some
circumstances, "male privilege" is partly—sometimes substantially—muted - ANS-How
has the study of men and masculinity changed?
hegemonic masculinity - ANS-the dominant form of masculinity at any given moment
- Decisions made in corporate
headquarters located in Los Angeles, Tokyo, or London may have
immediate repercussions on how women and men thousands of miles away organize
their work, community, and family lives
- Around the world, women's paid and unpaid labor is key to global development
strategies
, - Gender shapes immigration policies (Direct labor recruitment programs generally
solicit either male or female labor)
- The occupations in which immigrant and refugee women concentrate—paid domestic
work, informal sector street vending, assembly or industrial piece work performed in the
home—often blur the ideological distinction between work and family and between
public and private spheres - ANS-Why is it important to study gender in international
contexts?
- nobody experiences themselves as solely gendered
- Although the categories "woman" and "man" have multiple meanings, this does not
reduce gender to a "postmodern kaleidoscope of lifestyles. Rather, it points to the
relational character of gender"
- differences among women and among men are also created
in the context of structured relationships
- go beyond what we call the "patchwork quilt" phase in the study of women and
men—that is, the phase in which we have acknowledged the importance
of examining differences within constructions of gender, but do so largely by collecting
together a study here on African American women, a study there on gay
men, a study on working-class Chicanas, and so on; "adding difference and stirring.";
overemphasize boundaries rather than to highlight bridges of inter-dependency; does
not explore the ways that social constructions of femininities and masculinities are
based on and repro - ANS-What are the criticisms of the "prism of difference"? How do
the authors respond to these arguments?
disabled men, gay
men, and working class men - ANS-What are examples of marginalized White men
discussed by Coston and Kimmel?
Gender operates at the level of interaction, identity, accomplishment - ANS-How does
gender operate
social norms - ANS-expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior
issues of power, dominance, and hegemonic masculinity
- Disabled men do not meet the
unquestioned and idealized standards of appearance, behavior, and emotion for men.
(warrior values, aggressive sports, risk-taking activities); "not-men" status
- coping strategies: they can reformulate their ideas of masculinity; ... rely on and
promote certain hegemonic ideals of masculinity; ... or reject the mass societal norms
a structure of relationships that analyzes a continuous spectrum of people, in order to
show how gender is organized and experienced differently through sexual, racial/ethnic,
social class, physical abilities, age, and national citizenship differences - ANS-What is
the "prism of difference" as presented by Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner in "Gender Through the Prism of Difference"?
women's studies focused on the differences between women and men rather than
among women and men; led scholars to overgeneralize, Women and men were cast as
opposites, (Essentialism, simply put, is the notion that women's and men's attributes
and indeed women and men themselves are categorically different.), - ANS-Describe
the framework of early women's studies. How did it limit the study of gender?
the historical and systematic denial of rights and privileges based on
other differences as well. - ANS-women were not victimized by gender alone but by
__________
- what we think of as "masculinity" is not a fixed, biological essence of men, but rather is
a social construction that shifts and
changes over time as well as between and among various national and cultural contexts
- power is central to understanding gender as a relational construct,
and the dominant definition of masculinity is largely about expressing difference
from—and superiority over—anything considered "feminine."
- there is no singular "male sex role." Rather, at any given time there are
various masculinities
- When race, social class, sexual orientation, physical abilities,
immigrant, or national status are taken into account, we can see that in some
circumstances, "male privilege" is partly—sometimes substantially—muted - ANS-How
has the study of men and masculinity changed?
hegemonic masculinity - ANS-the dominant form of masculinity at any given moment
- Decisions made in corporate
headquarters located in Los Angeles, Tokyo, or London may have
immediate repercussions on how women and men thousands of miles away organize
their work, community, and family lives
- Around the world, women's paid and unpaid labor is key to global development
strategies
, - Gender shapes immigration policies (Direct labor recruitment programs generally
solicit either male or female labor)
- The occupations in which immigrant and refugee women concentrate—paid domestic
work, informal sector street vending, assembly or industrial piece work performed in the
home—often blur the ideological distinction between work and family and between
public and private spheres - ANS-Why is it important to study gender in international
contexts?
- nobody experiences themselves as solely gendered
- Although the categories "woman" and "man" have multiple meanings, this does not
reduce gender to a "postmodern kaleidoscope of lifestyles. Rather, it points to the
relational character of gender"
- differences among women and among men are also created
in the context of structured relationships
- go beyond what we call the "patchwork quilt" phase in the study of women and
men—that is, the phase in which we have acknowledged the importance
of examining differences within constructions of gender, but do so largely by collecting
together a study here on African American women, a study there on gay
men, a study on working-class Chicanas, and so on; "adding difference and stirring.";
overemphasize boundaries rather than to highlight bridges of inter-dependency; does
not explore the ways that social constructions of femininities and masculinities are
based on and repro - ANS-What are the criticisms of the "prism of difference"? How do
the authors respond to these arguments?
disabled men, gay
men, and working class men - ANS-What are examples of marginalized White men
discussed by Coston and Kimmel?
Gender operates at the level of interaction, identity, accomplishment - ANS-How does
gender operate
social norms - ANS-expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior
issues of power, dominance, and hegemonic masculinity
- Disabled men do not meet the
unquestioned and idealized standards of appearance, behavior, and emotion for men.
(warrior values, aggressive sports, risk-taking activities); "not-men" status
- coping strategies: they can reformulate their ideas of masculinity; ... rely on and
promote certain hegemonic ideals of masculinity; ... or reject the mass societal norms
