CLTM Flashcards Stack 1
Kindling - CORRECT ANSWER-Developmental of epileptic seizures (in rats) that
results from repeated focal stimulation and leads to the development of a
predisposition to epileptiform convulsions
Just as a large log will not burn unless kindled, the theory suggests epilepsy
requires a similar kind of kindling by a sequential series of small electrical stimuli
BAER - CORRECT ANSWER-Brainstem auditory evoked response (also called
BAEP brainstem auditory evoked potentials).
Useful in diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle tumors, multiple sclerosis,
brainstem lesions, metabolic and toxic encephalopathies, and early prediction of
outcome in postraumatic coma.
AED - CORRECT ANSWER-Antiepileptic drug
SUDEP - CORRECT ANSWER-Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
Most important, direct epilepsy-related cause of death, and excludes deaths
resulting from status epilepticus
Describe a spike - CORRECT ANSWER-Transient, clearly distinguishable from
background activity with pointed peak and a duration: <70 ms
Describe a sharp wave - CORRECT ANSWER-Transient, clearly distinguishable
from background activity with pointed peak and a duration of 70-200ms
Describe a Slow Wave - CORRECT ANSWER-Best described in frequency
(3-5hz) or according to frequency bands it occupies (theta, delta activity)
Decreases in prominence with age
Mirror Focus Phenomenon - CORRECT ANSWER-Concept that an actively
discharging epileptiform region may induce similar paroxysmal behavior in a
homologous site
,Related to the kindling phenomena that occur through interhemispheric callosal
or commissural connections. it means that secondary epileptogenic foci develop
in the contralateral hemispheric by the corpus callosum
Aura - CORRECT ANSWER-Initial sensation of a seizure that the patient is
aware of in the absence of observable signs. Provides localizing information in
some cases. Precedes temporal lobe seizures in many cases.
What is the principle of beneficence - CORRECT ANSWER-an ethical principle
that addresses the idea that a medical professionals actions should promote
good by having the welfare of the patient as a goal of any treatment. Actions
remove harm in any situation and should advocate for high standards for the
greater good.
qEEG - CORRECT ANSWER-Quantitative EEG allows for visualization of up to
several hours of EEG data in a single screen display. Commonly referred to as
'trend analysis'. qEEG trending for seizure detection is based on; amplitude,
frequency, rhythmicity, and degree of asymmetry
Coup and Contracoup - CORRECT ANSWER-Closed head injury / whiplash. A
coup injury is when the brain area damaged is on the same side as the external
force of injury.
Contracoup is when the brain injury is contralateral to the external force of injury.
The brain moves away from the external object along with the head, but the brain
eventually impacts the side of the skull, causing damage.
For neonates, how is the postmenstrual age (PMA) determined/calculated? -
CORRECT ANSWER-PMA = gestational age, measured from the time of the last
menstrual period and chronological age.
Term = 37 up to 44 weeks of PMA
Preterm = <37 weeks of PMA
Post-term = 44 to 48 weeks of PMA
At what conceptional age do active (REM) and quiet (non-REM) stages of sleep
begin to emerge in the EEG of neonates?
, a. Less than 29 weeks
b. 30-32 weeks
c. 33-34 weeks
d. At 35 weeks - CORRECT ANSWER-b. 30-32 weeks. At this age, wakefulness
and active sleep may be differentiated electrographically from quiet sleep, but
much is still considered transitional.
What is the fastest growing epilepsy population? - CORRECT ANSWER-Elderly
What is the most common cause of seizures in neonates? Elderly? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Neonates: HIE
Elderly: Cerebrovascular disease. Especially acute hemorrhagic stroke
At what age do most children reach a PDR of 8 Hz? - CORRECT ANSWER-36
Months
The amplitude of the PDR (alpha rhythm) generally decreases with age due to:
a. Next balance of voltage shift = 0; as the frontal region of cortex increases in
voltage with age, the posterior region decreases in voltage.
b. increased attenuation due to an alteration in factors between the brain and
scalp, such as bone density and electrical impedance
c. the PDR amplitude does not generally decrease with age.
d. decreased voltage generated by the cortex due to age related degenerative
factors. - CORRECT ANSWER-d. decreased voltage generated by the cortex
due to age related degenerative factors
What is the recommended minimum length of recording for neonates at high risk
for seizures? - CORRECT ANSWER-24 hours, continuing until seizure-free for
24 hours.
Trace discontinu which appears in a 42 week conceptual age neonate is
considered?
a. abnormal
b. normal
c. trace discontinu is not a neonatal EEG pattern - CORRECT ANSWER-A.
abnormal
Kindling - CORRECT ANSWER-Developmental of epileptic seizures (in rats) that
results from repeated focal stimulation and leads to the development of a
predisposition to epileptiform convulsions
Just as a large log will not burn unless kindled, the theory suggests epilepsy
requires a similar kind of kindling by a sequential series of small electrical stimuli
BAER - CORRECT ANSWER-Brainstem auditory evoked response (also called
BAEP brainstem auditory evoked potentials).
Useful in diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle tumors, multiple sclerosis,
brainstem lesions, metabolic and toxic encephalopathies, and early prediction of
outcome in postraumatic coma.
AED - CORRECT ANSWER-Antiepileptic drug
SUDEP - CORRECT ANSWER-Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
Most important, direct epilepsy-related cause of death, and excludes deaths
resulting from status epilepticus
Describe a spike - CORRECT ANSWER-Transient, clearly distinguishable from
background activity with pointed peak and a duration: <70 ms
Describe a sharp wave - CORRECT ANSWER-Transient, clearly distinguishable
from background activity with pointed peak and a duration of 70-200ms
Describe a Slow Wave - CORRECT ANSWER-Best described in frequency
(3-5hz) or according to frequency bands it occupies (theta, delta activity)
Decreases in prominence with age
Mirror Focus Phenomenon - CORRECT ANSWER-Concept that an actively
discharging epileptiform region may induce similar paroxysmal behavior in a
homologous site
,Related to the kindling phenomena that occur through interhemispheric callosal
or commissural connections. it means that secondary epileptogenic foci develop
in the contralateral hemispheric by the corpus callosum
Aura - CORRECT ANSWER-Initial sensation of a seizure that the patient is
aware of in the absence of observable signs. Provides localizing information in
some cases. Precedes temporal lobe seizures in many cases.
What is the principle of beneficence - CORRECT ANSWER-an ethical principle
that addresses the idea that a medical professionals actions should promote
good by having the welfare of the patient as a goal of any treatment. Actions
remove harm in any situation and should advocate for high standards for the
greater good.
qEEG - CORRECT ANSWER-Quantitative EEG allows for visualization of up to
several hours of EEG data in a single screen display. Commonly referred to as
'trend analysis'. qEEG trending for seizure detection is based on; amplitude,
frequency, rhythmicity, and degree of asymmetry
Coup and Contracoup - CORRECT ANSWER-Closed head injury / whiplash. A
coup injury is when the brain area damaged is on the same side as the external
force of injury.
Contracoup is when the brain injury is contralateral to the external force of injury.
The brain moves away from the external object along with the head, but the brain
eventually impacts the side of the skull, causing damage.
For neonates, how is the postmenstrual age (PMA) determined/calculated? -
CORRECT ANSWER-PMA = gestational age, measured from the time of the last
menstrual period and chronological age.
Term = 37 up to 44 weeks of PMA
Preterm = <37 weeks of PMA
Post-term = 44 to 48 weeks of PMA
At what conceptional age do active (REM) and quiet (non-REM) stages of sleep
begin to emerge in the EEG of neonates?
, a. Less than 29 weeks
b. 30-32 weeks
c. 33-34 weeks
d. At 35 weeks - CORRECT ANSWER-b. 30-32 weeks. At this age, wakefulness
and active sleep may be differentiated electrographically from quiet sleep, but
much is still considered transitional.
What is the fastest growing epilepsy population? - CORRECT ANSWER-Elderly
What is the most common cause of seizures in neonates? Elderly? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Neonates: HIE
Elderly: Cerebrovascular disease. Especially acute hemorrhagic stroke
At what age do most children reach a PDR of 8 Hz? - CORRECT ANSWER-36
Months
The amplitude of the PDR (alpha rhythm) generally decreases with age due to:
a. Next balance of voltage shift = 0; as the frontal region of cortex increases in
voltage with age, the posterior region decreases in voltage.
b. increased attenuation due to an alteration in factors between the brain and
scalp, such as bone density and electrical impedance
c. the PDR amplitude does not generally decrease with age.
d. decreased voltage generated by the cortex due to age related degenerative
factors. - CORRECT ANSWER-d. decreased voltage generated by the cortex
due to age related degenerative factors
What is the recommended minimum length of recording for neonates at high risk
for seizures? - CORRECT ANSWER-24 hours, continuing until seizure-free for
24 hours.
Trace discontinu which appears in a 42 week conceptual age neonate is
considered?
a. abnormal
b. normal
c. trace discontinu is not a neonatal EEG pattern - CORRECT ANSWER-A.
abnormal
