Ultimate AP Biology Exam Review Questions with Verified Answers

Ultimate AP Biology Exam Review Questions with Verified Answers Compare and contrast transpiration and translocation. What is the difference between xylem and phloem? Tranpspiration is the loss of water vapor from the surgace of a plant through the stomata. Translocation is the channeling of the sugar through the phloem. Define hypoosmotic, hyperosmotic, and isomotic 1. Has a lower concentration of solutes than its surrounding enviorment 2. Has a higher concentration of solutes than its surrounding enviroment 3. Has equal concentration Define the following: operon, promoter, structural gene, repressor, inducer, activator Operon- group of genes that all coordinate to produce something. Promoter- Where the RNA polymerase latches on to begin transcription Structural gene- codes for the protein Repressor- latches onto the promoter to repress gene expression Inducer/Activator- latches onto the promotor to induce and activate gene expression define the following: phototroph, chemotroph, autotroph, and heterotroph phototroph- uses light for energy Chemotroph- uses inorganic substances for energy Autotroph- synthesizes using complex organic molecules heterotroph- an organism that obtains energy from other organisms Describe mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. What is a sarcomere? Mechanoreceptors- sensory receptors that receive mechanical impulse like touch Chemoreceptors- they get chemical stimuli like smell and taste Photoreceptors- they receive light stimuli. Theyre in your eyes Sarcomere- they do contraction Describe primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins primary the linkage of amino acids; secondary 3D as a result of hydrogen bonding and can form an alpha helix (slinky) or a beta pleated sheet (accordian); tertiary result in a complext globural shape, due to interactions between R groups (hydrophobic interactions, vans der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds, and disulphide bonds); quaternary results from two or more primary structures to form a quaternary structure Describe some prezygotic and postzygotic barriers to the ability to interbreed. What is allopatric speciation? What is sympatric speciation? Some prezygotic factors include Habitat Isolation (different habitats, lang and water snakes), Temporal Isolation (different times, skunk mates in two different seasons), Behavioral Isolation (courtship rituals, blue-footed boobies), Mechanical Isolation (morpholigical differences, snail