1. What is the primary mechanism in cystic fibrosis?
A. Autoimmune destruction of alveoli
B. Excess mucous production due to CFTR gene
mutation
C. Bacterial colonization of the lungs
D. Inability to produce surfactant
Answer: B
Rationale: A mutation in the CFTR gene causes thick
mucus due to defective chloride transport.
2. What is the most likely cause of acute tubular
necrosis (ATN)?
A. Autoimmune destruction of tubules
B. Prolonged hypotension or nephrotoxic drugs
C. Viral infection
D. Obstruction from kidney stones
Answer: B
,Rationale: ATN is commonly caused by ischemia or
nephrotoxins leading to tubular cell injury and
necrosis.
3. What is the most common initial manifestation of
multiple sclerosis (MS)?
A. Seizures
B. Tremors
C. Visual disturbances
D. Cognitive decline
Answer: C
Rationale: Optic neuritis and visual changes are
common early signs of MS due to demyelination of
optic pathways.
4. In ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome),
what is the main pathophysiologic problem?
A. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
B. Loss of alveolar surfactant and inflammation
C. Chronic mucus hypersecretion
D. Viral invasion of bronchial epithelium
,Answer: B
Rationale: ARDS involves diffuse alveolar damage,
inflammation, and surfactant dysfunction causing
impaired gas exchange.
5. Which of the following is a characteristic feature
of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is marked by massive
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
6. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of gout?
A. Increased calcium deposition in joints
B. Autoimmune destruction of synovial membrane
C. Accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in
joints
, D. Bacterial infection of the joint capsule
Answer: C
Rationale: Gout is caused by uric acid crystal
deposition in joints due to hyperuricemia.
7. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of asthma?
A. Loss of alveolar elasticity
B. Destruction of lung parenchyma
C. Chronic inflammation leading to
bronchoconstriction
D. Impaired surfactant production
Answer: C
Rationale: Asthma involves chronic inflammation of
the airways, leading to hyperresponsiveness and
bronchoconstriction in response to various triggers.
8. What is the most common initial symptom of
colorectal cancer?
A. Diarrhea
B. Hematemesis
A. Autoimmune destruction of alveoli
B. Excess mucous production due to CFTR gene
mutation
C. Bacterial colonization of the lungs
D. Inability to produce surfactant
Answer: B
Rationale: A mutation in the CFTR gene causes thick
mucus due to defective chloride transport.
2. What is the most likely cause of acute tubular
necrosis (ATN)?
A. Autoimmune destruction of tubules
B. Prolonged hypotension or nephrotoxic drugs
C. Viral infection
D. Obstruction from kidney stones
Answer: B
,Rationale: ATN is commonly caused by ischemia or
nephrotoxins leading to tubular cell injury and
necrosis.
3. What is the most common initial manifestation of
multiple sclerosis (MS)?
A. Seizures
B. Tremors
C. Visual disturbances
D. Cognitive decline
Answer: C
Rationale: Optic neuritis and visual changes are
common early signs of MS due to demyelination of
optic pathways.
4. In ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome),
what is the main pathophysiologic problem?
A. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
B. Loss of alveolar surfactant and inflammation
C. Chronic mucus hypersecretion
D. Viral invasion of bronchial epithelium
,Answer: B
Rationale: ARDS involves diffuse alveolar damage,
inflammation, and surfactant dysfunction causing
impaired gas exchange.
5. Which of the following is a characteristic feature
of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is marked by massive
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
6. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of gout?
A. Increased calcium deposition in joints
B. Autoimmune destruction of synovial membrane
C. Accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in
joints
, D. Bacterial infection of the joint capsule
Answer: C
Rationale: Gout is caused by uric acid crystal
deposition in joints due to hyperuricemia.
7. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of asthma?
A. Loss of alveolar elasticity
B. Destruction of lung parenchyma
C. Chronic inflammation leading to
bronchoconstriction
D. Impaired surfactant production
Answer: C
Rationale: Asthma involves chronic inflammation of
the airways, leading to hyperresponsiveness and
bronchoconstriction in response to various triggers.
8. What is the most common initial symptom of
colorectal cancer?
A. Diarrhea
B. Hematemesis
