Instructor Manual: Roberta M. Berns and Stephanie R. White, Child, Family, School, Community:
Socialization and Support, 2023, 9780357509593; Chapter 2: Ecology of Socialization
Instructor Manual
Roberta M. Berns and Stephanie R. White, Child, Family, School, Community:
Socialization and Support, 2023, 9780357509593; Chapter 2: Ecology of Socialization
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter..................................................................................................2
List of Student Downloads........................................................................................................................2
Chapter Objectives....................................................................................................................................2
Chapter Outline.........................................................................................................................................3
Additional Resources.................................................................................................................................4
Cengage Video Resource.........................................................................................................................4
Primary Sources......................................................................................................................................4
© 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 1
accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Roberta M. Berns and Stephanie R. White, Child, Family, School, Community:
Socialization and Support, 2023, 9780357509593; Chapter 2: Ecology of Socialization
PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER
This chapter explores the process of socialization, including its aims or goals, its agents, their methods,
and its outcomes. Because socialization outcomes are affected by many variables (biological,
sociocultural, interactional), they will be discussed more specifically in the concluding chapters. In the
past, socialization research focused on the effect of forces outside the child (for example, the influence of
significant adults on the child’s moral development) or forces inside the child (for example, the influence
of unconscious motives on aggressive behavior). Today, socialization processes have come to be regarded
as dynamic and reciprocal—dynamic in that the aims and methods change, as do children; reciprocal in
that children contribute to their own developmental outcomes.
LIST OF STUDENT DOWNLOADS
Students should download the following items from the Student Companion Center to complete the
activities and assignments related to this chapter:
TeachSource Digital Download: The Reality Show: Mixed Messages Kids Get from Socializing
Agents
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
02.01 Distinguish between three factors that affect socialization processes.
02.02 List and explain five aims of socialization.
02.03 Compare and contrast the five agents of socialization, describing a major role of each.
02.04 Formulate an example of an affective method of socialization.
02.05 Formulate an example of an operant method of socialization.
02.06 Formulate an example of an observational method of socialization.
02.07 Formulate an example of a cognitive method of socialization.
02.08 Formulate an example of a sociocultural method of socialization.
02.09 Formulate an example of an apprenticeship method of socialization.
02.10 List and explain seven outcomes of socialization.
[return to top]
© 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2
accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Roberta M. Berns and Stephanie R. White, Child, Family, School, Community:
Socialization and Support, 2023, 9780357509593; Chapter 2: Ecology of Socialization
CHAPTER OUTLINE
The following outline organizes activities (including any existing discussion questions in PowerPoints or
other supplements) and assessments by chapter (and therefore by topic), so that you can see how all the
content relates to the topics covered in the text.
I. Socialization Processes (02.01, PPT Slides 4–7)
II. Aims of Socialization (02.02, PPT Slides 8–23)
a. Develop a Self-Concept (02.02, PPT Slides 8–17)
b. Enable Self-Regulation (02.02, PPT Slide 18)
c. Empower Achievement (02.02, PPT Slide 19)
d. Teach Appropriate Social Roles (02.02, PPT Slide 20)
e. Implement Developmental Skills (02.02, PPT Slides 21–22)
III. Agents of Socialization (02.03, PPT Slides 24–32)
a. Family (02.03, PPT Slide 25)
b. School and Childcare (02.03, PPT Slides 26–27)
c. Peers (02.03, PPT Slides 28–29)
d. Mass Media (02.03, PPT Slide 30)
e. Community (02.03, PPT Slides 31–32)
IV. Affective Methods of Socialization (02.04, PPT Slides 33–34)
V. Operant Methods of Socialization (02.05, PPT Slides 35–41)
a. Reinforcement (02.05, PPT Slides 36–37)
b. Extinction (02.05, PPT Slide 38)
c. Punishment (02.05, PPT Slide 39)
d. Feedback (02.05, PPT Slide 40)
e. Learning by Doing (02.05, PPT Slide 41)
VI. Observational Methods of Socialization (02.06, PPT Slide 42)
a. Modeling (02.06, PPT Slide 42)
VII. Cognitive Methods of Socialization (02.07, PPT Slides 43–45)
a. Instruction (02.07, PPT Slide 43)
b. Setting Standards (02.07, PPT Slide 44)
c. Reasoning (02.07, PPT Slide 45)
VIII. Sociocultural Methods of Socialization (02.08, PPT Slides 46–49)
a. Group Pressure (02.08, PPT Slide 46)
b. Tradition (02.08, PPT Slide 47)
c. Rituals and Routines (02.08, PPT Slide 48)
d. Symbols (02.08, PPT Slide 49)
IX. Apprenticeship Methods of Socialization (02.09, PPT Slide 50)
© 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 3
accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Roberta M. Berns and Stephanie R. White, Child, Family, School, Community:
Socialization and Support, 2023, 9780357509593; Chapter 2: Ecology of Socialization
X. Outcomes of Socialization (02.10, PPT Slides 51–56)
a. Values (02.10, PPT Slide 52)
b. Attitudes (02.10, PPT Slide 52)
c. Motives and Attributions (02.10, PPT Slide 53)
d. Self-Esteem (02.10, PPT Slide 54)
e. Self-Regulation/Behavior (02.10, PPT Slide 55)
f. Morals (02.10, PPT Slide 56)
[return to top]
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
CENGAGE VIDEO RESOURCE
TeachSource Video Activity: 0–2 Years Attachment in Infants and Toddlers.
PRIMARY SOURCES
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bellanca, J., & Brandt, R. (2010). 21st century skills: Rethinking how students learn.
Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree.
Bjorklund, D. P., & Pelligrini, A. D. (2002). The origins of human nature: Evolutionary
developmental psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Brazelton, T. B., & Sparrow, J. D. (2003). Discipline: The Brazelton way. Cambridge, MA: De
Capo Press.
Cialdini, R. B. (2008). Influence: Science and practice (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Pearson.
Corsaro, W. A. (2010). The sociology of childhood (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Erikson, E. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
Goleman, D. (2006). Social intelligence: The new science of human relationships. New York:
Bantam Dell.
Rogoff, B. (2003). The cultural nature of human development. New York: Oxford University
Press.
[return to top]
© 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 4
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Socialization and Support, 2023, 9780357509593; Chapter 2: Ecology of Socialization
Instructor Manual
Roberta M. Berns and Stephanie R. White, Child, Family, School, Community:
Socialization and Support, 2023, 9780357509593; Chapter 2: Ecology of Socialization
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter..................................................................................................2
List of Student Downloads........................................................................................................................2
Chapter Objectives....................................................................................................................................2
Chapter Outline.........................................................................................................................................3
Additional Resources.................................................................................................................................4
Cengage Video Resource.........................................................................................................................4
Primary Sources......................................................................................................................................4
© 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 1
accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Roberta M. Berns and Stephanie R. White, Child, Family, School, Community:
Socialization and Support, 2023, 9780357509593; Chapter 2: Ecology of Socialization
PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER
This chapter explores the process of socialization, including its aims or goals, its agents, their methods,
and its outcomes. Because socialization outcomes are affected by many variables (biological,
sociocultural, interactional), they will be discussed more specifically in the concluding chapters. In the
past, socialization research focused on the effect of forces outside the child (for example, the influence of
significant adults on the child’s moral development) or forces inside the child (for example, the influence
of unconscious motives on aggressive behavior). Today, socialization processes have come to be regarded
as dynamic and reciprocal—dynamic in that the aims and methods change, as do children; reciprocal in
that children contribute to their own developmental outcomes.
LIST OF STUDENT DOWNLOADS
Students should download the following items from the Student Companion Center to complete the
activities and assignments related to this chapter:
TeachSource Digital Download: The Reality Show: Mixed Messages Kids Get from Socializing
Agents
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
02.01 Distinguish between three factors that affect socialization processes.
02.02 List and explain five aims of socialization.
02.03 Compare and contrast the five agents of socialization, describing a major role of each.
02.04 Formulate an example of an affective method of socialization.
02.05 Formulate an example of an operant method of socialization.
02.06 Formulate an example of an observational method of socialization.
02.07 Formulate an example of a cognitive method of socialization.
02.08 Formulate an example of a sociocultural method of socialization.
02.09 Formulate an example of an apprenticeship method of socialization.
02.10 List and explain seven outcomes of socialization.
[return to top]
© 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2
accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Roberta M. Berns and Stephanie R. White, Child, Family, School, Community:
Socialization and Support, 2023, 9780357509593; Chapter 2: Ecology of Socialization
CHAPTER OUTLINE
The following outline organizes activities (including any existing discussion questions in PowerPoints or
other supplements) and assessments by chapter (and therefore by topic), so that you can see how all the
content relates to the topics covered in the text.
I. Socialization Processes (02.01, PPT Slides 4–7)
II. Aims of Socialization (02.02, PPT Slides 8–23)
a. Develop a Self-Concept (02.02, PPT Slides 8–17)
b. Enable Self-Regulation (02.02, PPT Slide 18)
c. Empower Achievement (02.02, PPT Slide 19)
d. Teach Appropriate Social Roles (02.02, PPT Slide 20)
e. Implement Developmental Skills (02.02, PPT Slides 21–22)
III. Agents of Socialization (02.03, PPT Slides 24–32)
a. Family (02.03, PPT Slide 25)
b. School and Childcare (02.03, PPT Slides 26–27)
c. Peers (02.03, PPT Slides 28–29)
d. Mass Media (02.03, PPT Slide 30)
e. Community (02.03, PPT Slides 31–32)
IV. Affective Methods of Socialization (02.04, PPT Slides 33–34)
V. Operant Methods of Socialization (02.05, PPT Slides 35–41)
a. Reinforcement (02.05, PPT Slides 36–37)
b. Extinction (02.05, PPT Slide 38)
c. Punishment (02.05, PPT Slide 39)
d. Feedback (02.05, PPT Slide 40)
e. Learning by Doing (02.05, PPT Slide 41)
VI. Observational Methods of Socialization (02.06, PPT Slide 42)
a. Modeling (02.06, PPT Slide 42)
VII. Cognitive Methods of Socialization (02.07, PPT Slides 43–45)
a. Instruction (02.07, PPT Slide 43)
b. Setting Standards (02.07, PPT Slide 44)
c. Reasoning (02.07, PPT Slide 45)
VIII. Sociocultural Methods of Socialization (02.08, PPT Slides 46–49)
a. Group Pressure (02.08, PPT Slide 46)
b. Tradition (02.08, PPT Slide 47)
c. Rituals and Routines (02.08, PPT Slide 48)
d. Symbols (02.08, PPT Slide 49)
IX. Apprenticeship Methods of Socialization (02.09, PPT Slide 50)
© 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 3
accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Roberta M. Berns and Stephanie R. White, Child, Family, School, Community:
Socialization and Support, 2023, 9780357509593; Chapter 2: Ecology of Socialization
X. Outcomes of Socialization (02.10, PPT Slides 51–56)
a. Values (02.10, PPT Slide 52)
b. Attitudes (02.10, PPT Slide 52)
c. Motives and Attributions (02.10, PPT Slide 53)
d. Self-Esteem (02.10, PPT Slide 54)
e. Self-Regulation/Behavior (02.10, PPT Slide 55)
f. Morals (02.10, PPT Slide 56)
[return to top]
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
CENGAGE VIDEO RESOURCE
TeachSource Video Activity: 0–2 Years Attachment in Infants and Toddlers.
PRIMARY SOURCES
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bellanca, J., & Brandt, R. (2010). 21st century skills: Rethinking how students learn.
Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree.
Bjorklund, D. P., & Pelligrini, A. D. (2002). The origins of human nature: Evolutionary
developmental psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Brazelton, T. B., & Sparrow, J. D. (2003). Discipline: The Brazelton way. Cambridge, MA: De
Capo Press.
Cialdini, R. B. (2008). Influence: Science and practice (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Pearson.
Corsaro, W. A. (2010). The sociology of childhood (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Erikson, E. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
Goleman, D. (2006). Social intelligence: The new science of human relationships. New York:
Bantam Dell.
Rogoff, B. (2003). The cultural nature of human development. New York: Oxford University
Press.
[return to top]
© 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 4
accessible website, in whole or in part.
