Bipolar Disorder and Depression Study Guide

r Disorder and Depression Study Guide Bipolar I disorder Characterized by one or more episodes of mania and one or more depression episodes. It is the most severe type of bipolar disorder and is typically treated with antipsychotics. Bipolar II disorder Characterized by one or more episodes of hypomania and one or more depression episodes. It is less severe than bipolar I disorder. Antiepileptic medications Include valproate and carbamazepine (Tegretol), used to treat bipolar disorder. Valproate may lead to hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, thrombocytopenia, teratogenesis, and weight gain. Carbamazepine may cause blood dyscrasias, teratogenesis, hyperosmolarity, skin disorders, and CNS side effects. Lithium levels Therapeutic range is 0.8 - 1.2 mEq/L. Below range (0.8) may lead to manic behaviors, within range (0.8-1.2) is therapeutic, and above range (1.2) indicates lithium toxicity. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Indicated for major depressive disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and acute manic episodes. Contraindications include cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disorders, and seizures. Complications may include memory loss, confusion, cardiovascular changes, and reactions to anesthesia. MAOIs Foods to avoid include cured or smoked meats, aged or fermented cheeses, aged or cured fish, fermented or pickled foods, beer, and red wine. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) Provides electrical stimulation through a device surgically implanted under the skin of the client's chest, often used for major depressive disorder, anxiety, obesity, and pain. Complications may include voice changes, hoarseness, throat or neck pain, cough, and dyspnea. Grief Refers to the inner emotional response to loss, while mourning includes the outward display of loss. Types of loss include necessary, actual, perceived, maturational, and situational. Theories of grief include Kubler-Ross's 5 stages, Bowlby's 4 stages, Engel's 5 stages, and Worden's 4 tasks. Signs of depression Include anergia, anhedonia, sluggishness, somatic complaints, and vegetative findings such as changes in eating patterns, bowel habits, sleep disturbances, and interest in sexual activity. Antidepressants Include SSRIs, TCAs, SNRIs, MAOIs, and atypical antidepressants. SSRIs are the leading treatment for depression, while TCAs and SNRIs have their own specific side effects and interactions. Bipolar disorder Mood disorders with recurrent episodes of depression and mania. Mania is characterized by abnormally elevated mood, rapid thoughts, actions, speech, and spending sprees. Risk