Psychology 105 - Final Exam Questions With 100% Correct!!

Developmental psychology - Answer-The study of how behaviour changes over an individual's lifespan Post Hoc Fallacy - Answer-(A then B) != (A causes B) Bidirectional Influences - Answer-Development influences experiences, experiences influence development Cohort Effect - Answer-Differences in groups due to growing up in a different era/time period The Influence of Early Development - Answer-Early input from the world is not more important than input at any other time Nature vs Nurture - Answer-Out psychosis is affected by both our genes (nature) and our environment (nurture) Gene-Environment Interactions - Answer-Genes can intensify the behaviour we develop from our environment Nature via Nurture - Answer-Our genetics drive us to find environments that suit us, giving the false appearance of a pure environmental effect Gene expression - Answer-Some genes "turn on" only in certain situations Proliferation - Answer-Period between 18 days and 6 months where babies develop neurons at an incredible rate (up to 250K per minute) Teratogens - Answer-Things that hinder prenatal development (smoking, alcohol, drugs, chicken pox)Motor Development - Answer-We're born with some motor functions (sucking, rooting), while others develop over time (rate is affected by culture and physical maturity) Physical Development - Answer-Adolescence: Puberty, sex changes, physical maturity Adulthood: Physical/cognitive peak in early 20s Stagelike vs Gradual Development - Answer-Stagelike development refers to sudden changes (stages), gradual development refers to a slow (gradual) growth Domain General vs Domain Specific - Answer-Domain-general suggests that we have a global knowledge structure, domain-specific suggests that we have specialized knowledge structure Principal Source of Learning - Answer-Emphasis on different learning sources (physical experience vs social interaction vs biological maturation) Who is Jean Piaget? - Answer-Swiss psychologist who presented the first complete account of cognitive development. Stage theorist who believed in domain-general development. Piaget's Theory - Answer-Children assimilate knowledge in a stage, and hit a new stage when they can't assimilate new information Piaget's Stages - Answer-Sensorimotor: Birth to 2yrs, focus on here and now, lack object permanence Preoperational: 2-7yrs, can consiously construct memories, egocentric Concrete operations: 7-11yrs, can perform mental operations for physical events Formal operations: 11-adulthood, can understand reasoning beyond the here and now, can understand logical concepts and abstract questionsPros and Cons of Piaget's Theories - Answer-Pros: showed us that kids aren't just small adults, learning is not passive Cons: children's competence was underestimated and methods were culturally biased Who is Lev Vygotsky? - Answer-Psychologist who developed theories on social and cultural influences on cognitive development Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - Answer-The middle ground between what learners can and can't do (what they can do with guidance) Cognitive Changes in Adolescence - Answer-Frontal lobes aren't fully matured, feelings of uniqueness, care-free Cognitive Changes in Late Adulthood - Answer-Ability to recall information and processing speed decline, memory of pertinent information increases TL;DR: Slower learner, but wiser Early Social Development - Answer-Infants quickly develop interest in other people, develop stranger anxiety at 8-9 months that peaks at 12-15 months Temperament - Answer-Largely genetic predisposition that determines how a child acts Easy (40%): Regular sleep/eat/bathroom cycles, adapt to change well Difficult (10%): Irregular sleep/eat/bathroom cycles, doesn't adapt to change well Slow to adapt (15%): Start somewhere between easy and difficult, but warm up to easy over time Attachment - Answer-Emotional connection we share with people we feel close toContact Comfort - Answer-Reassuring physical contact plays a huge role in attachment, not reassuring nourishment (discovered by Harry Harlow's work with rhesus monkeys)