AQA A Level Geography paper 2

Place - answer-A location which has different meanings to various people. Placemaking - answer-The deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interaction and improve a community's quality of life. locale - answer-Locations that are associated with everyday activities and are shaped by the people, culture and customs within it. Sense of place - answer-the subjective and emotional attachment to a place which gives it meaning. Doreen Massey - answer-Places are dynamic processes Places have multiple identities Places have no boundaries Placelessness - answer-Defined by geographer Edward Relph as the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape. Positionality - answer-Factors such as age, gender, race that influence how we perceive different places. genius loci - answer-the spirit of a place - develop a sense of place and suggests every place has a unique spirit or atmosphere. Clone town - answer-settlements where the high street is dominated by chain stores- placelessness. Globalisation has created these homogenised places. Totnes, Devon - answer-An area that is resisting the power of globalisation e.g. it's anti-Costa campaign in 2012 that succeeded. Bristol pound - answer-A local currency that aims to encourage people to shop locally and support independent businesses. Glocalisation - answer-The modification of global products and ideas to suit local conditions. E.g. McDonald's have removed pork from the menu in Muslim countries. Near place - answer-places that feel like home, where people would live in a similar way to which we live. We feel secure and this has a prop for our identity. Form our national identity as a country. Far place - answer-Places we see as foreign, alien and different. Experienced place - answer-Places we have been to and developed our own sense of place, emotional attachment, change previous perceptions, genius loci. Media place - answer-Places we have formed a perception of based on what we see in the media, makes world seem smaller, more understanding of the world. insider - answer-Those who feel at home within a place. Ethnic groups cluster together which can help them feel like insiders. Characteristics of an insider - answer-Born in the country, fluent in local language, conform with idioms and social norms and has feelings of emotional attachment and familiarity. outsider - answer-a viewpoint of someone who is not from the certain place/doesn't live there/has little or no experience of that place. Outsider characteristics - answer-Feelings of alienation and not belonging, sense of place may come from media representations. E.g. a recent immigrant who doesn't understand the culture and may feel excluded from the place. Nationalism - answer-A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country which creates a sense of national consciousness. E.g. patriotism, Welsh language. Regionalism - answer-loyalty to a particular region Localism - answer-An affection for or emotional ownership of a particular place. Can be represented in NIMBYSM - where people are reluctant to have their local area affected by development. People have identified more with their local area because they have greater knowledge of it. endogenous factors - answer-Factors that originate from within a place. Over time they will be shaped by exogenous factors. E.g. topography, demographic characteristics, infrastructure. exogenous factors - answer-Factors that originate from outside a place e.g. migration (eg Germany has around 1.4m asylum seekers), money, trade Gentrification - answer-A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area. Effects of gentrification - answer-racial and ethnic tensions, insiders can feel like outsiders, change in place character East Village case study - answer-Previously a deindustrialised area with derelict buildings and the population was mainly comprised of Irish travellers. It was then renovated for the 2012 Olympic Games and is now an area of private housing. One of the traveller camps was regenerated into a broadcasting studio- these insiders were forced out of their place. social constructionism approach - answer-The theory where people shape their reality through social interaction; it is therefore something that is constructed, not inherent; it looks to uncover the ways in which individuals and groups give meaning to otherwise worthless spaces.