NURS 611 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 -
2024
Sodium - ANSWER Main ECF ion.
Potassium - ANSWER Main ICF ion.
Mitochondria - ANSWER Organelle that produces ATP.
Ribosomes - ANSWER Organelles responsible for protein
synthesis.
Lysosomes - ANSWER Organelles that degrade and recycle
waste.
Peroxisomes - ANSWER Organelles that break down chemicals
into H202, produces free radicals.
Golgi Apparatus - ANSWER Organelle responsible for packaging
and distribution.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER Organelle that
synthesizes steroids and detoxification.
Tight Junction - ANSWER Impermeable junction; strength.
Gap Junction - ANSWER Junction that allows for conductivity,
synchronizes contractions of cardiac muscle through ionic coupling.
Desmosomes - ANSWER Junctions that hold cells together by
continuous bands or belts of epithelial sheets or button-like points of
contact.
Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis - ANSWER
Non-energy forms of transport.
Active Transport - ANSWER Energy-requiring movement of
molecules across a membrane, example is Na/K pump.
, Hypotonic Fluid - ANSWER Causes cells to swell.
Hypertonic Fluid - ANSWER Causes cells to srhink.
36 ATP - ANSWER How many ATP are produced in aerobic
respiration?
2 ATP - ANSWER How much ATP can anaerobic respiration make?
Hypoxia - ANSWER #1 cause of cellular injury.
Lactic Acid - ANSWER Indication of cell death. Build up leads to
metabolic acidosis.
Reactive Oxidative Stress - ANSWER Caused by free radicals
produced by peroxisomes. Antioxidants such as fresh fruits and
vegetables give an electron to an unpaired molecule.
Hemosiderosis - ANSWER Too much iron in tissues.
Acetaldehyde - ANSWER An intermediate in alcohol metabolism.
Atrophy - ANSWER Thymus gland, muscle wasting.
Hypertrophy - ANSWER Muscle growth, CHF.
Hyperplasia - ANSWER Liver cell regeneration, endometrial.
Metaplasia - ANSWER Barrets Esophagus, bronchial changes d/t
smoking. Reversible!
Osmolality - ANSWER The concentration of all particles in a fluid.
Sodium - ANSWER Responsible for depolarization and controls
2024
Sodium - ANSWER Main ECF ion.
Potassium - ANSWER Main ICF ion.
Mitochondria - ANSWER Organelle that produces ATP.
Ribosomes - ANSWER Organelles responsible for protein
synthesis.
Lysosomes - ANSWER Organelles that degrade and recycle
waste.
Peroxisomes - ANSWER Organelles that break down chemicals
into H202, produces free radicals.
Golgi Apparatus - ANSWER Organelle responsible for packaging
and distribution.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER Organelle that
synthesizes steroids and detoxification.
Tight Junction - ANSWER Impermeable junction; strength.
Gap Junction - ANSWER Junction that allows for conductivity,
synchronizes contractions of cardiac muscle through ionic coupling.
Desmosomes - ANSWER Junctions that hold cells together by
continuous bands or belts of epithelial sheets or button-like points of
contact.
Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis - ANSWER
Non-energy forms of transport.
Active Transport - ANSWER Energy-requiring movement of
molecules across a membrane, example is Na/K pump.
, Hypotonic Fluid - ANSWER Causes cells to swell.
Hypertonic Fluid - ANSWER Causes cells to srhink.
36 ATP - ANSWER How many ATP are produced in aerobic
respiration?
2 ATP - ANSWER How much ATP can anaerobic respiration make?
Hypoxia - ANSWER #1 cause of cellular injury.
Lactic Acid - ANSWER Indication of cell death. Build up leads to
metabolic acidosis.
Reactive Oxidative Stress - ANSWER Caused by free radicals
produced by peroxisomes. Antioxidants such as fresh fruits and
vegetables give an electron to an unpaired molecule.
Hemosiderosis - ANSWER Too much iron in tissues.
Acetaldehyde - ANSWER An intermediate in alcohol metabolism.
Atrophy - ANSWER Thymus gland, muscle wasting.
Hypertrophy - ANSWER Muscle growth, CHF.
Hyperplasia - ANSWER Liver cell regeneration, endometrial.
Metaplasia - ANSWER Barrets Esophagus, bronchial changes d/t
smoking. Reversible!
Osmolality - ANSWER The concentration of all particles in a fluid.
Sodium - ANSWER Responsible for depolarization and controls
