Introduction to Pathophysiology Principles And Issues Well Tackled Questions/Graded A+/2024.

Etiology - correct answer -study of causes/reasons for phenomena -identifies causal factors acting in concert that provoke a particular disease or injury Idiopathic - correct answer unknown cause Iatrogenic - correct answer cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment Iatrogenesis (Iatrogenic Artifact) - correct answer "originating from a physician" -an inadvertent adverse effect or complication resulting from medical treatment or advice, including that of psychologists, therapists, pharmacists, nurses, physicians and dentists -not restricted to conventional medicine -can result from complementary and alternative medicine treatments Risk factor - correct answer a factor that when present increases the likelihood of disease Pathogenesis - correct answer development or evolution of disease, from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of manifestation of disease Clinical Manifestations - correct answer Symptoms, Signs, Syndrome Symptoms - correct answer subjective feeling of abnormality in the body (FEEL) ex. headache or cephalalgia is pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck Signs - correct answer objective or observed manifestation of disease (elevated blood pressure, a clubbing of fingers (which may be a sign of lung disease, or many other things) Syndrome - correct answer a set of signs & symptoms not yet determined to delineate a disease Stages & Clinical Course - correct answer Latent period, Prodromal period/ Subclinical stage, Acute clinical course, Chronic clinical course/ Exacerbation, Remission, Convalescence, Sequela Latent Period - correct answer -time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent & first appearance of signs and/ or symptoms -period during an illness when signs/symptoms temporarily become mild or silent Prodromal Period - correct answer time during which first sign and/ or symptoms appear or onset of disease occurs Subclinical stage - correct answer patient functions normally; disease processes are well established Acute Clinical Course - correct answer short-lived; may have severe manifestation Chronic clinical course - correct answer may last months to years, sometimes following an acute course Exacerbation - correct answer increase in severity, signs & symptoms Remission - correct answer decrease in severity, signs & symptoms; may indicate disease is cured Convalescence - correct answer stage of recovery after a disease, injury or surgical procedure Sequela - correct answer subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an acute illness Statistical normality - correct answer estimate of diseases in a normal population, based on a bell-shaped curve Reliability - correct answer test's ability to tie the same results in repeated measurements Validity - correct answer degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure Predictive value - correct answer extent to which a test can differentiate between present or absence of a person's condition Sensitivity - correct answer probability that a test will be POSITIVE when applied to a person with a particular condition Specificity - correct answer probability that a test will be NEGATIVE when applied to a person without a particular condition Individual Factors - correct answer Cultural considerations, age, biological factors, gender, situation, time Cultural considerations - correct answer each culture defines health & illness in a manner that reflects their experience Age & Biological Factors - correct answer linked: a normal value for a person at one age may not be normal for a person at another age Gender differences - correct answer relevant in both health & disease Situational differences - correct answer determine whether a derivation from normal should be considered abnormal or an adaptation mechanism Time variations - correct answer may impact how the body responds from day to night, or at varying times