Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology Study Guide With Well Elaborated Answers/2024.

Pathology - correct answer A branch of medicine that deals with the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease. Pathophysiology - correct answer A specific branch of pathology that studies functional or physiologic changes in the body that results from disease processes. Anaerobic - correct answer Metabolism and function without oxygen Apoptosis - correct answer Normal programmed cell death in tissues Autopsy - correct answer An examination of part or all of a body postmortem Biopsy - correct answer The removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination to determine a Dx Endogenous - correct answer Originating from within the body Exogenous - correct answer Originating from outside the body Gangrene - correct answer Necrotic tissue infected by bacteria Infection - correct answer A disease caused by a microorganism Homeostasis - correct answer A relatively stable or constant environment in the body, including BP, temperature, and pH, maintained by the carious control mechanisms. Hypoxia - correct answer A decrease or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues Iatrogenic - correct answer Caused by Tx, procedure, or error Idiopathic - correct answer No known cause Inflammation - correct answer The response to tissue damage, indicted by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain Ischemia - correct answer Decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue Lysis - correct answer Destruction of a cell Lysosomal - correct answer Pertaining to a cell containing digestive or lytic enzymes, including lysozyme Microorganism - correct answer Very small living organism, not visible to the naked eye, usually single-celled Morphologic - correct answer The physical size, form, structure, and shape of cells and organs Probability - correct answer The likelihood or chance of occurrence Disease - correct answer A deviation from the normal state of health or from a state of wellness. The WHO includes physical, mental, and social well-being in its definition. Why is a state of health difficult to define? - correct answer Because of the genetic differences among individuals as well as the many variations in life experiences and environmental influences create a variable base. Seven Steps to Health - correct answer 1) Be a non-smoker and avoid second-hand smoke 2) Eat 5-10 servings of vegetables/fruit a day. Choose high-fiber, lower-fat foods. If you drink ETOH, limit your intake to 1-2 drinks per day. 3) Be physically active on a regular basis: This will help you maintain a healthy body weight 4) Protect yourself and family members from the sun 5) Follow cancer screening guidelines 6) Visit your doctor/dentist if you notice any change in your normal state of health. 7) Follow health and safety instructions at home and at work when using, storing, and disposing of hazardous materials. The basic building blocks that facilitates the study of a specific disease - correct answer 1) The signs related to the specific site of damage. 2) The signs related to the pathologic process. The primary focus in health care - correct answer Prevention Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - correct answer Based in Atlanta, Ga, is primarily concerned with decreasing the incidence of certain diseases. Their main focus is the awareness of screening programs and collecting data about all types of disease and provide evidence based recommendations for prevention. The Three-stage Process to health research - correct answer 1st stage- "Basic science" in which researchers ID a technology that will work to limit or prevent the disease process. Carried out in a lab and often requires the use of animals or cell cultures. 2nd stage- Involves a small number of human subject to determine if the therapy is safe. 3rd stage- "Clinical Trails" only takes place if the results of the previous research are positive; majority don't make it. Single-blind Studies - correct answer Only the pt is unaware of which therapy is being given Double-blind Studies - correct answer Neither pt nor the researchers is aware of which Tx is being given. This study is proctored by a third party. Evidence-based Research - correct answer Research findings that demonstrate merit after the three-stage process. It does not take into account cost, availability, or social and cultural factors that may influence use and acceptance of a therapy. Importance of Hx, SAMPLE - correct answer 1) May determine Tx, 2) What impact will it have on pt? 3) How's a pt's illness might complicate care? Ex. therapy/drugs, prescription, non-prescription, herbal items HPV - correct answer Has a prevalence of about 45% in Americans age 20-24. Est. 70-80% of sexually active Americans will be infected with it at some point in their life. Gardasil, a new vaccine, prevents types 16, 18, 6, 11 and can help prevent cervical cancer. How collects reports from health care professionals? - correct answer WHO, United States Public Health Service, CDC Dx - correct answer The identification of a specific disease through evaluation of S/S, laboratory test, or other tools. More than one factor is usually required to make an accurate Dx. Etiology - correct answer Cause of a specific disease Idiopathic - correct answer Cause of disease is unknown Iatrogenic - correct answer Disease caused by Tx, procedure, or error. Predisposing Factors - correct answer Tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual.