Altered Cellular & Tissue Biology

Define cellular adaption. - correct answer Reversible response involving cell structure or function Differentiate between physiological and pathological cellular adaptation. - correct answer Physiological: a normal physiologic state; ex. Uterine cells enlarge during pregnancy Pathological: occurs with high blood pressure or hypertension, only temporarily successful; ex. High BP causes enlargement of cardiac cells Atrophy - correct answer decrease or shrinkage of cells; physiological- brain aging; pathological- disuse of limb (cast) Hypertrophy - correct answer increase in size of cells; physiological- gaining muscle; pathological- heart hypertension Hyperplasia - correct answer increase in the number of cells; physiological- liver regeneration; pathological: abnormal proliferation of normal cells Dysplasia - correct answer abnormal changes of cell size, shape, and organization; common in tissue of cervix (HPV) Metaplasia - correct answer replacement of one mature cell type with another cell type; the original cell is replaced by another cell that can tolerate the adverse environment better Describe cellular injury and its causes including hypoxia, oxidative stress, chemical and toxic agents, and others. - correct answer • Hypoxic cell injury: insufficient oxygen within cells; causes- ischemia (reduced blood supply), anemia (decreased RBC production), blood loss, lack of oxygen in the air • Oxidative stress: free radicals (UV, pollution) are unstable on their own, so they try connecting with other cells which causes cell injury • Chemical & toxic agents