chem210:exam1 study guide, complete
verified solution, A+ guarantee, 2024.
properties of organic compounds
non-polar; flammable; covalent bonds; insoluble in water;
carbon containing molecules; non-conductor in electrolytes;
LOW boiling and melting points; gas at room temp.
properties of inorganic compounds
polar; non-flammable; ionic bonds; soluble in water;
conducts electricity; solid at room temp;
HIGH boiling/melting points
What is the trend in solubility and boiling point/melting point with increasing
number of carbons?
longer the hydrocarbon chain: higher- molecular weight- melting point-boiling point.
Differentiate the various types of hydrocarbons in terms of bonds.
saturated single bonds: Alkanes; Cycloalkanes; C-C; C-H
unsaturated: at least one double(alkene) or triple(alkyne) bond; C-C
Reactions of Alkanes
COMBUSTION: oxidized( burning) in the presence of excess molecular oxygen;
Incomplete produces carbon monoxide and water;
2CH4+3O2-->2CO+4H2O
Complete produces carbon dioxide and water.
CH4 2O2--->CO2+2H2O
HALOGENATION: Substitution reaction; reacted or replaced w/ halogen(chl or br
normally) Produces: alkyl halide or haloalkane in presence of heat &/or UV light.
CH4+BR2------>CH3BR+ H-BR
What term best describes molecules that have the same molecular formula, but
different structures/arrangements?
Constitutional isomerism/Isomers- branched chain; have lower boiling/melting points
then straight chains.
What is the alkene responsible for fruit ripening?
Ethene: C2H4; CH2=CH2; ethylene
general formula for Alkane
CnH2n+2
How does an alkyl group differ from parent alkane?
one less hydrogen in arkyl group
what is the simplest alkane capable of having constitutional isomers?
Butane; C4H10
If you are given 2 beakers each filled with white crystalline solid and both are
soluble in water, how would you determine which solids are ionic or covalent?
melt or boil the substances; iconic compounds have higher melting and boiling points.
poly-halogenated hydrocarbons are used as local and general anesthetic. Explain
how these chemicals behave as anesthetic?
, chloroethane and chloromethane are used as pain reliever applied on skin to numb
administered area; deadens nerve endings temporarily b/c evaporation lowers in skin
temp. Halothane is by inhalation; safe and commonly used.
Symmetrical: Hydrogenation: Addition of H2
Hydrogenation is the addition of a molecule of hydrogen (H2) to a carbon-carbon double
bond to produce an alkane
Hydrogenation is the addition of a molecule of hydrogen (H2) to a carbon-carbon double
bond to produce an alkane
•The double bond is broken
•Two new C-H bonds result
•Platinum, palladium, or nickel is required as a catalyst
•Heat and/or pressure may also be required
Unsymmetrical Addition- Hydration
A water molecule can be added to an alkene
-The addition of a water molecule to an alkene is called hydration
•Presence of strong acid is required as a catalyst
•Product resulting is an alcohol
Markovnikov's Rule controls Unsymmetrical addition
When an acid adds to a double bond, the H of the acid most often goes to the end of
the double bond, which had more hydrogens attached initially
Major and minor products
•H-OH
•H-Cl
•H-Br
Toluene
benzene ring with attatched -CH3
Phenol, what are they used for?
benzene ring with attatched -OH(hydroxyl group)
Widely used in healthcare as: They behave as weak acids in removing germs.
- Germicides
- Antiseptics
- Disinfectants(for surgical instruments)(steralization)
They are Polar compounds and slightly acidic due to the hydroxyl group
- Simpler phenols are somewhat water soluble
- Components of flavorings and fragrances
Phenols are not as acidic as carboxylic
acids.
Aniline
benzene ring with attatched -NH2
Benzoic acid
benzene ring with attatched -COOH
Ortho
benzene ring with groups at 1&2
Meta
benzene ring with groups at the 1&3
Para
verified solution, A+ guarantee, 2024.
properties of organic compounds
non-polar; flammable; covalent bonds; insoluble in water;
carbon containing molecules; non-conductor in electrolytes;
LOW boiling and melting points; gas at room temp.
properties of inorganic compounds
polar; non-flammable; ionic bonds; soluble in water;
conducts electricity; solid at room temp;
HIGH boiling/melting points
What is the trend in solubility and boiling point/melting point with increasing
number of carbons?
longer the hydrocarbon chain: higher- molecular weight- melting point-boiling point.
Differentiate the various types of hydrocarbons in terms of bonds.
saturated single bonds: Alkanes; Cycloalkanes; C-C; C-H
unsaturated: at least one double(alkene) or triple(alkyne) bond; C-C
Reactions of Alkanes
COMBUSTION: oxidized( burning) in the presence of excess molecular oxygen;
Incomplete produces carbon monoxide and water;
2CH4+3O2-->2CO+4H2O
Complete produces carbon dioxide and water.
CH4 2O2--->CO2+2H2O
HALOGENATION: Substitution reaction; reacted or replaced w/ halogen(chl or br
normally) Produces: alkyl halide or haloalkane in presence of heat &/or UV light.
CH4+BR2------>CH3BR+ H-BR
What term best describes molecules that have the same molecular formula, but
different structures/arrangements?
Constitutional isomerism/Isomers- branched chain; have lower boiling/melting points
then straight chains.
What is the alkene responsible for fruit ripening?
Ethene: C2H4; CH2=CH2; ethylene
general formula for Alkane
CnH2n+2
How does an alkyl group differ from parent alkane?
one less hydrogen in arkyl group
what is the simplest alkane capable of having constitutional isomers?
Butane; C4H10
If you are given 2 beakers each filled with white crystalline solid and both are
soluble in water, how would you determine which solids are ionic or covalent?
melt or boil the substances; iconic compounds have higher melting and boiling points.
poly-halogenated hydrocarbons are used as local and general anesthetic. Explain
how these chemicals behave as anesthetic?
, chloroethane and chloromethane are used as pain reliever applied on skin to numb
administered area; deadens nerve endings temporarily b/c evaporation lowers in skin
temp. Halothane is by inhalation; safe and commonly used.
Symmetrical: Hydrogenation: Addition of H2
Hydrogenation is the addition of a molecule of hydrogen (H2) to a carbon-carbon double
bond to produce an alkane
Hydrogenation is the addition of a molecule of hydrogen (H2) to a carbon-carbon double
bond to produce an alkane
•The double bond is broken
•Two new C-H bonds result
•Platinum, palladium, or nickel is required as a catalyst
•Heat and/or pressure may also be required
Unsymmetrical Addition- Hydration
A water molecule can be added to an alkene
-The addition of a water molecule to an alkene is called hydration
•Presence of strong acid is required as a catalyst
•Product resulting is an alcohol
Markovnikov's Rule controls Unsymmetrical addition
When an acid adds to a double bond, the H of the acid most often goes to the end of
the double bond, which had more hydrogens attached initially
Major and minor products
•H-OH
•H-Cl
•H-Br
Toluene
benzene ring with attatched -CH3
Phenol, what are they used for?
benzene ring with attatched -OH(hydroxyl group)
Widely used in healthcare as: They behave as weak acids in removing germs.
- Germicides
- Antiseptics
- Disinfectants(for surgical instruments)(steralization)
They are Polar compounds and slightly acidic due to the hydroxyl group
- Simpler phenols are somewhat water soluble
- Components of flavorings and fragrances
Phenols are not as acidic as carboxylic
acids.
Aniline
benzene ring with attatched -NH2
Benzoic acid
benzene ring with attatched -COOH
Ortho
benzene ring with groups at 1&2
Meta
benzene ring with groups at the 1&3
Para
