MED SURGE II EXAM 4 | 238 QUESTIONS & 100% CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+ | ALREADY GRADED

MED SURGE II EXAM 4 | 238 QUESTIONS & 100% CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+ | ALREADY GRADED Nadir ANSWER: period of greatest bone marrow suppression hypertrophy ANSWER: increase in cell size as it grows hyperplasia ANSWER: increase in the number of cells 3 stages of cancer development ANSWER: initiation, promotion, progression initiation ANSWER: carcinogens cause mutations in the cellular DNA -In this phase sometimes the mutation is generally not significant to the cell until it enters second step of promotion Deeagles - Stuvia US Promotion ANSWER: -due to repeated exposure to promoting agents, there is an increased expression or manifestation of abnormal information -promotion phase usually leads to preneoplastic or benign lesions Progression ANSWER: -the altered cells exhibit increasingly malignant behavior -these cells acquire the ability to stimulate angiogenesis to invade adjacent tissues and to metastasize primary tumor ANSWER: -identified by the tissue from which it arose -patients can have 2 primary tumors secondary tumor ANSWER: metastatic tumor -cancer cells move from primary location -additional tumors Cancer classification ANSWER: -grading -ploidy -staging Deeagles - Stuvia US -TNM -Doubling time cancer classification: grading ANSWER: -Grade I: well differentiated -Grade II: moderately differentiated -Grade III: poorly differentiated and retain no normal cell characteristics cancer classification: Ploidy ANSWER: description of cancer cells by chromosome number and appearance Cancer classification: TNM ANSWER: T- Tumor N- Nodes M- Matastasis Cancer classification: Doubling time ANSWER: the time it takes for the tumor to double in size Mitotic Index ANSWER: percentage of actively dividing cells within a tumor Aneuploidy Deeagles - Stuvia US ANSWER: changes in chromosome number can occur by the addition of all or part of a chromosome (seen in malignant cells) Euploidy ANSWER: the gain of one or more complete sets of chromosomes (seen in normal or benign tumor cells) which tumor features are most closely associated with malignant cells rather than benign cells? ANSWER: -aneuploidy -large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio -migratory Dietary habits to reduce cancer risk ANSWER: -avoid excess animal fat -avoid nitrates(lunch meat, sausage, bacon) -minimize intake of red meat -no more than 2 alcoholic drinks per day -eat more bran and cruciferous veggies(broccoli, cauliflower,etc..) -eat foods high in vit. A and vit.