HUBS 191 progress test 2 study guide with complete solution, Updated 2024

HUBS 191 progress test 2 study guide with complete solution, Updated 2024 central nervous system nervous system consisting of brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system nervous system consisting of peripheral nerves glia 'glue' provide support for neurons, 5 type, 4 in CNS, 1 in PNS neurons nerve cells, transmission of information dendrites recieve input, send info into cell body cell body contains nucleus and organelles axon carries electrical impulses, may/may not be myelinated axon terminals end terminus of the axon, neuro transmitter release tract bundle of axons in the CNS grey matter group of cell bodies in cerebral cortex/spinal cord white matter bundle of axons in cerebral cortex/spinal cord ganglion group of cell bodies in PNS nerve bundle of axons in PNS input zone dendrites and cell body, receives chemical signals from other neurons summation zone axon hillock, decides to transmit signal or not conduction zone axon may be quite long, carry electrical signals between brain areas to and from spinal cord or to and from peripheral sensory receptors output zone axon terminals, contact input of other neurons, release of neuro transmitter multipolar multiple processes emanate from the cell body, the 'typical' neuron bipolar 2 processes emanate from the cell body (axon and long bridge to dendrites unipolar 1 process emanates from cell body (hangs on side of axon) anaxonic no distinct axon, all processes look alike astrocytes supply nutrients to neuron, ensheath blood capillaries, transmit information, CNS microglia immune cells of the CNS, engulf micro organisms / debris ependymal cells line fluid filled spaces of brain and spinal cord, have cillia to circulate CSF, CNS oligodentrocytes support nerve fibres, ensheath them with myelin, CNS schwann cells support peripheral nerve fibres, ensheath them with myelin, similar to oligodendrocytes, PNS myelin sheath lipid wrapped around axon, increases conduction velocity, multiple schwann cells in a row form the myelin sheath, gaps between myelin called nodes of ranivier Synapse/Synpatic Cleft neuro transmitter release from one axon terminals where electrical turns to chemical afferent information going into the brain efferent information out of brain flow of information info comes through receptors, afferent nerves, into CNS, integration/coordination, motor efferent (somatic or autonomic) somatic the stuff we are aware of and have control over somatic afferent sensory information of what we are aware of somatic efferent voluntary muscle control, 2 neurons between brain and effector, upper and lower motor neuron upper motor neuron cell body in brain, axon in spinal cord lower motor neuron cell body in spinal cord, axon in spinal nerve neuro-muscular junction Where neuron releases neurotransmitters (ACh) that depolarize muscle fiber cells - contraction autonomic involuntary control, 3 neurons between brain and effector, 2 divisions, sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic neuron 1 cell body in brain, axon in brain or spinal cord (CNS) autonomic neuron 2 cell body in brain or spinal cord, axon in PNS , myelinated, neurotransmitter = ACh autonomic neuron 3 cell body in PNS, axon in PNS, unmyelinated, neurotransmitter = NE autonomic neurons effectors smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose/fat tissue autonomic ganglion area where synapse can occur in PNS sympathetic autonomic nervous system prepares body for acute/stress response, inc. HR, blood flow, pupil size, sweating, neruon 2 axon is short, neuron 3 axon is long exit from CNS parasympathetic autonomic nervous system prepares body for restful situations, opposite responses to sympathetic, neuron 2 axon long, neuron 3 axon short sympathetic chain ganglion where the preganglionic neurons synapse onto post ganglionic neurons resting membrane potential -70mV high conc. K+ inside, high conc Na+ outside action potential resting membrane - depolarzation - activation of sodium ion channels - rapid depolarization - inactivation of sodium ion channels/activation of potassium ion channels- potassium ions channels close when very hyperpolarized - both shut and pump restores voltage threshold action potential must exceed axon hillock for it to be propagated, must exceed -60mV (once threshold is exceeded it will continue to depolarize to +30mV before re polarization) synaptic transmission chemical binds to protein site (ACh) opening gates for protons to flow through chemically gated channels in NMJ graded depolarization chemical stimulus opens sodium ion channel, stimulus is removed and excess Na+ transported out of cytosol, chemical stimulus opens K+ ion channels, chemical stimulus removed foramen magnum A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord spinal cord starts at foramen magnum, finished inferior to border of first lumbar vertebra (conus medularis) inside meningeal sack which fits inside spinal cavity, filum terminale anchors spinal cord conus medularis non neural cone shaped ending to the spinal cord filum terminale fibrous non neural tissue tethering spinal cord to end of spinal cavity coccygeal tail bone/where the filum terminale anchors spinal cord segments