EQ1: HOW AND WHY DO PLACES VARY?
4a.1 Explain two reasons why the function of a place might change over time. [4]
One reason why the function of a place might change over time is due to a A second reason why the function of a place might change over time is due
change in employment structure. Deindustrialisation has meant that the to the role of the government. National government policies on restructuring
function of a place has changed from the manufacturing industry to the UK economy regenerate areas shifting the function from a secondary
heightened unemployment. employment to tertiary and quaternary.
4a.1 For a local place that you have studied, explain why people’s sense of identity has
been influenced by the economic and social change it has experienced. [6]
One reason why people’s sense of identity has been influenced by the A second reason why a person's sense of identity has been influenced
economic change it has experienced in East London is due to an increase in socially is due to gentrification in East London. This has shifted people’s
the knowledge economy. The growth of the knowledge economy in East perception as older residents are pushed out of the area and East London
London has shaped people’s sense of identity as it can see the area as being gains a more positive image.
more modern, busy and a qualified place.
4a.2 Evaluate whether the demographic characteristics of your local and contrasting
place are the result of economic factors. [20]
Economic factors - local CROYDON Physical accessibility
● Previously a centre of car manufacturing, many secondary sector ● Local areas - fast train links in central london - commuter towns -
jobs. changed in the late 20th century. Means it is more attractive to
● UK deindustrialisation due to foreign competition. move in and is cheaper to commute.
● Increasing unemployment. The Home Office immigration service is ● Contrasting area - East London - extension of London's CBD.
based in Croydon. ● This means that more people migrate into the area to look for jobs
● Croydon’s population is increasing. in the knowledge economy.
● Croydon has a disproportionately high population of children and ●
young people.
Economic factors - contrasting EAST LONDON Change in employment
● Notably high proportion of population in 20-40 year bracket. ● Local area - High birth rate among non-British born residents.
○ Due to the vast range of jobs available. Largest local authority in London.
● Rich and ethnic and religious mix. ○ Today the tertiary sector dominates.
○ 41.5% muslim ○ Local population remains relatively unskilled with a
● Docklands = quinary and quaternary sector, attracts people into the significantly lower proportion of residents in professional
area. roles.
● Gentrification + Enterprise zone ● Contrasting area - london changed from a spiral of decline, shifting
derelict, brownfield areas to a booming economy.
, 4a.3 Assess how far past and present connections have shaped the characteristics of a
place you have studied. [12]
Introduction Employment changes
● The area suffered from economic and social problems such as ● In the past, the unemployment rates in the area of East London
dereliction, deprivation and unemployment. were staggeringly high,
● During this time of deprivation, the unemployment rate in East ● Establishment of 2 major urban redevelopment programmes in
London in 2010 was 12.9% whilst the rest of the world it was 7.8%, 1981, the economic characteristics of the area have been shaped
Dockyard’s closing in 1981 resulted in a spiral of decline, with ● The Urban Development Corporations and the Enterprise Zones
120,000 jobs lost and 60% of male adults unemployed. were 2 major urban regeneration programmes established to
● Severe social and economic problems in the past, however due to regenerate inner city places by constructing new commercial areas
increased investment in the area and regeneration, the social and on brownfield sites, helping the economic area of East London to
economic characteristics of the place have been changed to a change to a large extent.
large extent. Key players, primarily the London Docklands ● shift from the primary and secondary employment sectors, to the
Development Corporation (LDDC) have been the driving force tertiary and quaternary.
behind the shift in the economic and social landscape of East ● flagship project =Canary Wharf, a financial revitalisation project, led
London through introducing developments in accessibility and by stakeholders such as the LDDC. London’s second Central
connectedness. Business District (CBD).
Environmental changes House affordability
● To combat the polluted waterways and air pollution, the Lea ● 9,000 new homes being built.
Valley’s polluted waterways were cleaned and new wildlife habitats ● New homes were primarily offered to key workers such as teachers
were created. and nurses.
● Drive for sustainability and improvement in the social landscape of ● Changed the demographics of an area
the area during the 2012 Olympics is evident through the ● A total of £9.3 billion of money on the games, creating long term
advertising of the games being the ‘greenest’ and being called social and economic benefits.
● ‘One planet Olympics.’ This significantly changed the social ● Economically, the characteristics of the area changed to a large
characteristics of the area to a large extent. extent from present and past connections from the increased
● The redevelopment of the river decontaminated the land, improving investment in the area due to the Olympic Games.
local health, making a once derelict, inaccessible area, a pleasant ● This increase in investment led to a domino effect for the
and attractive place to be, therefore improving the environmental employment opportunities, creating 12,000 permanent jobs and
quality improved the social characteristics of the area. thousands of temporary jobs.
4a.1 Explain two reasons why the function of a place might change over time. [4]
One reason why the function of a place might change over time is due to a A second reason why the function of a place might change over time is due
change in employment structure. Deindustrialisation has meant that the to the role of the government. National government policies on restructuring
function of a place has changed from the manufacturing industry to the UK economy regenerate areas shifting the function from a secondary
heightened unemployment. employment to tertiary and quaternary.
4a.1 For a local place that you have studied, explain why people’s sense of identity has
been influenced by the economic and social change it has experienced. [6]
One reason why people’s sense of identity has been influenced by the A second reason why a person's sense of identity has been influenced
economic change it has experienced in East London is due to an increase in socially is due to gentrification in East London. This has shifted people’s
the knowledge economy. The growth of the knowledge economy in East perception as older residents are pushed out of the area and East London
London has shaped people’s sense of identity as it can see the area as being gains a more positive image.
more modern, busy and a qualified place.
4a.2 Evaluate whether the demographic characteristics of your local and contrasting
place are the result of economic factors. [20]
Economic factors - local CROYDON Physical accessibility
● Previously a centre of car manufacturing, many secondary sector ● Local areas - fast train links in central london - commuter towns -
jobs. changed in the late 20th century. Means it is more attractive to
● UK deindustrialisation due to foreign competition. move in and is cheaper to commute.
● Increasing unemployment. The Home Office immigration service is ● Contrasting area - East London - extension of London's CBD.
based in Croydon. ● This means that more people migrate into the area to look for jobs
● Croydon’s population is increasing. in the knowledge economy.
● Croydon has a disproportionately high population of children and ●
young people.
Economic factors - contrasting EAST LONDON Change in employment
● Notably high proportion of population in 20-40 year bracket. ● Local area - High birth rate among non-British born residents.
○ Due to the vast range of jobs available. Largest local authority in London.
● Rich and ethnic and religious mix. ○ Today the tertiary sector dominates.
○ 41.5% muslim ○ Local population remains relatively unskilled with a
● Docklands = quinary and quaternary sector, attracts people into the significantly lower proportion of residents in professional
area. roles.
● Gentrification + Enterprise zone ● Contrasting area - london changed from a spiral of decline, shifting
derelict, brownfield areas to a booming economy.
, 4a.3 Assess how far past and present connections have shaped the characteristics of a
place you have studied. [12]
Introduction Employment changes
● The area suffered from economic and social problems such as ● In the past, the unemployment rates in the area of East London
dereliction, deprivation and unemployment. were staggeringly high,
● During this time of deprivation, the unemployment rate in East ● Establishment of 2 major urban redevelopment programmes in
London in 2010 was 12.9% whilst the rest of the world it was 7.8%, 1981, the economic characteristics of the area have been shaped
Dockyard’s closing in 1981 resulted in a spiral of decline, with ● The Urban Development Corporations and the Enterprise Zones
120,000 jobs lost and 60% of male adults unemployed. were 2 major urban regeneration programmes established to
● Severe social and economic problems in the past, however due to regenerate inner city places by constructing new commercial areas
increased investment in the area and regeneration, the social and on brownfield sites, helping the economic area of East London to
economic characteristics of the place have been changed to a change to a large extent.
large extent. Key players, primarily the London Docklands ● shift from the primary and secondary employment sectors, to the
Development Corporation (LDDC) have been the driving force tertiary and quaternary.
behind the shift in the economic and social landscape of East ● flagship project =Canary Wharf, a financial revitalisation project, led
London through introducing developments in accessibility and by stakeholders such as the LDDC. London’s second Central
connectedness. Business District (CBD).
Environmental changes House affordability
● To combat the polluted waterways and air pollution, the Lea ● 9,000 new homes being built.
Valley’s polluted waterways were cleaned and new wildlife habitats ● New homes were primarily offered to key workers such as teachers
were created. and nurses.
● Drive for sustainability and improvement in the social landscape of ● Changed the demographics of an area
the area during the 2012 Olympics is evident through the ● A total of £9.3 billion of money on the games, creating long term
advertising of the games being the ‘greenest’ and being called social and economic benefits.
● ‘One planet Olympics.’ This significantly changed the social ● Economically, the characteristics of the area changed to a large
characteristics of the area to a large extent. extent from present and past connections from the increased
● The redevelopment of the river decontaminated the land, improving investment in the area due to the Olympic Games.
local health, making a once derelict, inaccessible area, a pleasant ● This increase in investment led to a domino effect for the
and attractive place to be, therefore improving the environmental employment opportunities, creating 12,000 permanent jobs and
quality improved the social characteristics of the area. thousands of temporary jobs.
